Introduction

• Ammonia is Critical in the Manufacturing of Fertilizers.

• Most People Associate the Pungent Smell of Ammonia with Smelling Salt.
• Ammonia has been Known For more then 200 Years.
• The First Commercial Ammonia Plant based on the Haber Basch Process in 1913
with a Production of 30 MTPD.
Raw Materials
• H2 from synthesis gas (Natural gas).
• N2 form Air liquification Process.
Pertinent Properties
• Molecular wt. – 17.03
• Melting Point - -77.7*c
• Boiling Point - -33.4*c
• Solubility - Very Soluable in Water
• Critical temperature – 132.4*c
• Critical pressure – 112.8 bar
• Colourless gas and Harmfull effect
on our eyes.
Chemical Reaction In Chemical Industry Section Used-
• N2 + 3H2 2NH3; • Desulphurization – (HDS Section )
• Steam Reforming - ( Pre,primary and
secondary).
• Gas Purification – Shift Conversion & CO2
Removal (MTS and LTS , GV Process)
• Methanation
• Comression (Syn Gas Compressor ,
Ammonia Refrigeration Section )
• Ammonia Synthesis
• Ammonia Refrigration
Detailed Process Discription:
Desulphurization

• In this section Sulphur containing compounds are converted in to

Hydogen Sulphide at a temperature of 380- 400*c
• Hydrogenation Catalyst
• Two absorption vessels are operates in series. Normally the first
vessel will actually be absorbing H2S while second vessel will
function as a safeguard.
• RCH + H2 --------- RH + H2S
• ZnO + H2S -------- ZnS + H2O
 Steam Reforming
• Ammonia Synthesis gas is Produced by the catalytic reforming of a mixture of hydrocarbon, steam and addition of Air.
CnHm + nH2O = nCO + (n+m/2) H2 – Heat
Adiabatic Preconversion:
• All higher hydrocarbons are decomposed into methane by steam reforming by means of the preconversion catalyst at temperature
– 460-480*c .
Primary reforming:
• The primary refoemer has a total of 300 vertically mounted tubes installed in two radient chambers. ( Hydrogen Formed – 67.05%)
• Inlet temperature -( 490-520*c ) and Outlet temperature -800*c
CH4 + H2O CO +3H2
CO + H2O CO2 + H2
Secondary reformer:
• Inlet Temprature -550*c and Outlet temperature – 1000*c
• The ratio of Hydrogen to Nitrogen ehich shall be close to 3:1 can then be calculated.
Gas Purification – Shift Conversion & CO2 Removal
Shift Conversion:
CO + H2O -------- CO2 + H2 + Heat
• The equilibirium is favored by lower temperature and high pressure.
• The conversion is performed by two steps-
Medium temperature CO conversion:
• Inlet tempratue – 120*c and Outlet temperature – 340*c .
Low temperature CO conversion:
• Inlet temperature – 250*c and Outlet Temperature – 270*c .
• This section is specially prepared by copper, zinc, aluminum oxide.
GV Process:
• GV Solution –( K2CO3 , V2O5, Glycine, DEA)
K2CO3 + H2O+ CO2 ---------- 2KHCO3
Methanation And SYN Gas Compressor
CO + 3H2 --------- CH2 + H2O + Heat
CO2 + 4H2 -------- CH4 + 2H2O + Heat
• Possible break through of CO2 to Methane.
• After the Methanator the gas normally contains less then 10 ppm of
CO and CO2. ( temperature – 25*c )
SYN Gas Compressor:
• The process gas from methanation section is compressed from
26Kg/cm^2 to 134 Kg/cm^2.
Ammonia Synthesis & Ammonia Refrigeration
N2 + 3H2 ---------- 2NH3 + Heat
• Two synthesis reactor are operates in series , first reactor Ammonia is
17% formed and second reactor is 3% formed.
Ammonia Refrigeration:
• Two Cold heat exchanger and two Ammonia chiller Are operate in series.
• Evaporated Ammonia from the chiller is compressed by compressor .
Major Engineering Problems
• Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerization.
• Increasing the cost of Ammonia Recovery and Pumping cost.
• Catalyst Devlopement.
• Process Design Modification.
Uses
• Agriculture Industry (Ammonium nitrate, Urea , Aqua Ammonia etc)
• Dissociate Ammonia is Used in some metal treating Operations like as
– Nitriding , Carbonitriding, Furnace brazing, Atomic Hydrogen
welding, and Other Applications etc.
• Ammonia is used for the manufacturing of HNO3,Na2CO3, Dyes,
Pharmaceuticals, Fibre( Nylon, Rayon etc), Plastics etc.
• Ammonia is widly used for Refrigrant in Industral Refrigration System.
• Ammonia is used in Rubber Industry for the Stablization of natural
and synthesis latex to prevent coagulation.