Power System Analysis-1

Power Flow Analysis

 Power Flow Analysis
 This chapter deals with the steady state analysis of an
interconnected power system during normal operation.
 The system is assumed to be operating under balanced condition
and is represented by a single phase network.
 The network contains hundreds of nodes and branches with
impedances specified in per unit on a common MVA base.
 The formulation of the network equation in the nodal admittance
form results in complex linear simultaneous algebraic equations in
terms of node current.
 When node currents are specified, the set of linear equations can be
solved for the node voltages.
 However, in a power system, powers are known rather than the
currents. Thus , the resulting equations in terms of power,
known as the power flow equations, become non linear and
must be solved by iterative techniques.
 Power flow studies, commonly referred to as Load flow, are the
back bone of power system design and analysis.
 A power-flow study usually uses simplified notation such as
a one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various
aspects of AC power parameters, such as voltages, voltage
angles, real power and reactive power. It analyzes the power
systems in normal steady-state operation.
 Power-flow or load-flow studies are important for planning
future expansion of power systems as well as in determining
the best operation of existing systems. The principal
information obtained from the power-flow study is the
magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus, and
the real and reactive power flowing in each line.
 In addition, power flow analysis is required for many other
analysis such as transient stability and contingency studies.
Bus Admittance Matrix

Find the bus

admittance matrix
The admittance diagram for system
The diagonal elements of each node is the sum of admittances connected to
it. It is also known as the Self-admittance or driving-point admittance.

The off-diagonal element is equal to the negative of the admittance between

the nodes. It is known as the mutual admittance or transfer admittance .
 The inverse of the bus admittance matrix is known as the bus
impedance matrix.
Solution of Non Linear Equations

 The most common techniques used for the iterative solution of

non linear algebraic equations are Gauss-Siedel, Newton
Raphson and Quasi-Newton methods.
 The Gauss-Siedel and Newton Raphson methods are discussed
for one-dimensional equation and are then extended to n-
dimensional equations.
Gauss-Siedel Method
 Newton Raphson Method