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Section 3:
Interference
Interference fringes
2 I1I 2
2 I1I 2
I1 + I 2
1
Coherence time: c
Image adapted from Wikipedia
Spatial coherence
http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/feschools/waves/diffract3.htm
r2
y
r1
r
s >> a
Lloyd’s mirror
r1
source
l2 y
l1
i r2 = l1+l2
t
S1
a
S2
S3
S4
r
S5
2r
S6
3r
s>>a
Interference pattern for multiple slits
N=10
N=3
N=5
Intensity, I
ka
2
Michelson Interferometer
Mirror, M2 d2
d1
compensator
plate
light
source beamsplitter
Mirror, M1
lens
d = 2(d1- d2)
Albert Abraham Michelson
screen (1852-1931)
Image from Wikipedia
The compensator plate
Rays to M1 pass
thru BS once
Without compensator:
• Unequal paths thru glass
NB nglass= f()
Rays to M2 pass • path length diff. = f()
thru BS three
times With compensator:
• Equal paths thru glass
• path length diff. f()
Equivalent diagram for Michelson
interferometer Images of S
in M1 and M2
S S1 d S2
White light
Sodium lamp
1.5
d1
compensator 1
plate 0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
d
beamsplitter I(d) polychromatic
Movable
mirror
lens
detector
d
Thin films
A
i
nt ni
ni
source
D
A i
t
D
B
i
C
C A
t
t
B s
lens
s C
Thin film applications
Oil on water – oil layer thickness varies Soap bubbles – thickness and angle of film
giving a rainbow effect in white light varies to give rainbow
The tapetum
The ‘Tapetum lucidum’ is lucidium in a
found behind the retina of calf’s eye
many animals (not humans) –
it enhances night vision
source
Er0
Et0
Er1
Et1
Er2
Et2
Er3
Et3
Er4
Et4
Er5 Er
Et Et5
Er6
lens s
lens
Stokes’ relations
A) rE B) E rE
E
tE tE
r2E+ttE rE
C) • B) is time-reverse of A)
• Comparing B) and C):
Sir George Gabriel Stokes
r2 + tt=1 (1819-1903)
rtE+trE r = -r
tE
F=2
F=10
0.8
F=50
Transmission
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency
source
Outer
surfaces are lens
non-parallel
f
2 highly reflecting
parallel surfaces
4500
4000 FSR
3500
Intensity (Arb. units)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Frequency (GHz)