RADIATION HAZARD

HSE PROTECTION

Ananta Riezky B - 1506788742

Aryo Wicaksono - 1606864885
Dinda Clarissa - 1606864866
Ichsan Perkasa - 1606864872
Syabika Muhammad
Ionizing Radiation
A type of energy released by atoms that travels
in the form of electromagnetic waves (gamma
or X-rays) or particles (neutrons, beta or alpha).

Forms of electromagnetic radiation. These

differs only in frequency and wave length.

● Heat waves
● Radiowaves
● Infrared light
● Visible light
● Ultraviolet light
● X rays
● Gamma rays
 Radio Waves
Radio waves have the longest
wavelengths of all the
electromagnetic waves. They
range from around a foot long to
several miles long. Radio waves
are often used to transmit data
and have been used for all sorts
of applications including radio,
satellites, radar, and computer
networks.
Microwaves
Microwaves fall in the range of
the EM spectrum between radio
and IR. They have frequencies
from about 3 GHz up to about 30
trillion hertz, or 30 terahertz
(THz), and wavelengths of about
10 mm (0.4 inches) to 100
micrometers (μm), or 0.004
inches. Microwaves are used for
high-bandwidth communications,
radar and as a heat source for
microwave ovens and industrial
applications.
Infrared
Infrared is in the range of the EM
spectrum between microwaves
and visible light. IR has
frequencies from about 30 THz
up to about 400 THz and
wavelengths of about 100 μm
(0.004 inches) to 740 nanometers
(nm), or 0.00003 inches. IR light
is invisible to human eyes, but we
can feel it as heat if the intensity
is sufficient.
 Visible light
Visible light is found in the middle
of the EM spectrum, between IR
and UV. It has frequencies of
about 400 THz to 800 THz and
wavelengths of about 740 nm
(0.00003 inches) to 380 nm
(.000015 inches). More generally,
visible light is defined as the
wavelengths that are visible to
most human eyes.
Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet light is in the range of
the EM spectrum between visible
light and X-rays. It has
frequencies of about 8 × 1014 to 3
× 1016 Hz and wavelengths of
about 380 nm (.000015 inches) to
about 10 nm (0.0000004 inches).
UV light is a component of
sunlight; however, it is invisible to
the human eye. It has numerous
medical and industrial
applications, but it can damage
living tissue.
X-rays
X-rays are roughly classified into
two types: soft X-rays and hard
X-rays. Soft X-rays comprise the
range of the EM spectrum
between UV and gamma rays.
Hard X-rays occupy the same
region of the EM spectrum as
gamma rays. The only difference
between them is their source: X-
rays are produced by
accelerating electrons, while
gamma rays are produced by
atomic nuclei.
 Electromagnetic Spectrum
Chart

Gamma Ray
Gamma-rays are in the range of
the spectrum above soft X-rays.
Gamma radiation causes
damage to living tissue, which
makes it useful for killing cancer
cells when applied in carefully
measured doses to small regions.
Uncontrolled exposure, though, is
extremely dangerous to humans.
Non-ionizing Radiation
→ a series of energy waves
composed of oscillating electric and
magnetic fields traveling at the
speed of light.
Non-ionizing Radiation can cause a
considerable health risk to
potentially exposed workers if not
properly controlled.
Includes :
1. The spectrum of ultraviolet
(UV)
2. Visible light, infrared (IR)
3. Microwave (MW)
4. Radio frequency (RF)
5. Extremely low frequency (ELF)
Non-ionizing Radiation
1. Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) radiation at 60 HZ is produced by power
lines, electrical wiring, and electrical equipment.
2. Microwave radiation (MW) is absorbed near the skin, while Radiofrequency
(RF) radiation may be absorbed throughout the body. Both can damage tissue
through heating.
3. Infrared Radiation (IR) will be absorbed by skin and eyes as a heat.
4. Visible Light Radiation → Excessive visible radiation can damage the eyes
and skin.
5. Ultraviolet radiation (UV) has a high photon energy range and is particularly
hazardous because there are usually no immediate symptoms of excessive
exposure.
6. Lasers typically emit optical (UV, visible light, IR) radiations and are primarily
an eye and skin hazard.
 Radiation Units and Terminology
Rad or radiation absorbed dose
The amount of radiant energy absorbed in
a certain amount of tissue.
Gray (Gy)
A unit of absorbed radiation equal to the
dose of one joule of energy absorbed per
kilogram of matter, or 100 rad. The unit is
named for the British physician L. Harold
Gray (1905-1965), an authority on the use
of radiation in the treatment of cancer.
Milligray (mGy)
A unit of absorbed radiation equal to one
thousandth of a gray, or 0.1 rad.
Rem or roentgen-equivalent-man
A unit of measurement that takes into
account different biological responses to
different kinds of radiation. The radiation
quantity measured by the rem is called
equivalent dose.
Millirem
One thousandth of a rem, the unit for
measuring equivalent dose.
Roentgen (R, r) (rent-gen, rent-chen)
The international unit of exposure dose
for x-rays or gamma rays. Roentgens
are named after Professor Wilhelm
Konrad Roentgen, the man who
discovered x-rays in 1895.
Sievert (Sv) (see-vert)
The unit for measuring ionizing radiation
effective dose, which accounts for
relative sensitivities of different tissues
and organs exposed to radiation. The
radiation quantity measured by the
sievert is called effective dose.
Millisievert (mSv) (mill-i-see-vert)
One thousandth of a sievert, the unit for
measuring effective dose.
Health and Risk
due to Radiation
 Health and Risk due to Radiation on Human Body

(1) Hair
5) Heart
The losing of hair quickly and in clumps occurs
Intense exposure to radioactive material at 1,000 to
with radiation exposure at 200 rems or higher.
5,000 rems would do immediate damage to small
blood vessels and probably cause heart failure and
(2) Brain death directly
Kills nerve cells and small blood vessels, and can
cause seizures and immediate, if exposed to greater
(6) Gastrointestinal Tract
than 5000 rems
Radiation damage to the intestinal tract lining will
cause nausea, bloody vomiting and diarrhea,
(3) Thyroid
radiation will begin to destroy the cells in the body
In sufficient amounts, radioactive iodine can destroy all
that divide rapidly.
or part of the thyroid. By taking potassium iodide, one
can reduce the effects of exposure.
(7) Reproductive Tract
Because reproductive tract cells divide rapidly,
(4) Blood System
these areas of the body can be damaged at rem
Mild radiation sickness. Early symptoms of radiation
levels as low as 200. Long-term, some radiation
sickness mimic those of flu and may go unnoticed
sickness victims will become sterile.
unless a blood count is done.
Radiation Hazard
DNA Fragmentation
A Swedish study at the University of
Basel in 2009 established that
exposure to an electromagnetic field
of 50 Hz was sufficient to
significantly increase the degree of
DNA fragmentation seen in human
cells
Hazards on Biological Systems
Dielectric heating can cause burns if a
person stands near an antenna when
a transmitter is being operated. The
intensity of dielectric heating varies
with changes in frequency of this
electromagnetic energy and the
heating effect is measured using a
unit called the specific absorption rate
(SAR).
Fire hazards
High intensity electromagnetic
radiation can also create sparks if an
induced voltage is higher than the
surrounding medium’s breakdown
voltage. Inflammable substances are
then at risk of catching fire on contact
with a spark, potentially causing an
explosion to occur. This type of
hazard is referred to as HERO or
Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation
Protection
Methods
Protection from Radiation
In Case of Radiation Emergencies
● This action is called "sheltering in place."
● Get to the middle of the building or a
basement, away from doors and windows.
● Bring pets inside.

● Close windows and doors.

● Take a shower or wipe exposed parts of your
body with a damp cloth.
● Drink bottled water and eat food in sealed
containers

● Get the latest information from radio,

television, the Internet, mobile devices, etc.
● Emergency officials will provide information
on where to go to get screened for
contamination.