 Enzymes are:

o Biological catalysts that speed up reactions.

o More than 3000 enzymes in our body.
o 2 types of enzymes:
 Intercellular-
• Food enzymes
 Extracellular-
• Digestive enzymes
• Metabolic enzymes
o Have an active site.
o Are recycled.
 A food particle known as substrate joins
with the active site of the enzyme.
 Now a chemical reaction happens.

 The enzymes that are secreted in

the stomach are called gastric enzymes.
 Almost all biochemical reactions in living
things need enzymes.
 Two or more amino acids = Peptides.
 Peptides make up aminopeptidase.
 Aminopeptidase is an enzyme that is
secreted by the small intestine.
 The picture below shows the bond.
 Pepsin
o Main gastric enzyme.
o It is produced by the stomach cells in its inactive
form pepsinogen, which is a zymogen.
o Pepsinogen is then activated by the stomach
acid into its active form, pepsin.
o Breaks down the protein in the food into smaller
particles.
o Protein digestion, therefore, first starts in the
stomach.
 Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
o Positively charged hydrogen atoms (H+), or in
lay-terms stomach acid
o Produced by the cells of the stomach called
parietal cells.
o Mainly functions to denature the proteins
ingested
o To destroy any bacteria or virus that remains
in the food, and also to activate pepsinogen
into pepsin.
 Intrinsic factor:
o Produced by the parietal cells of the stomach.
o Purpose of this complex is to protect Vit.B12
from hydrochloric acid produced in the stomach.
o Once the stomach content exits the stomach
into the duodenum, haptocorrin is cleaved with
pancreatic enzymes, releasing the intact vitamin
B12.
o Intrinsic factor (IF) produced by the parietal cells
then binds Vit.B12, creating a Vit.B12-IF
complex.
 Gastrin:
o Important hormone produced by the "G cells"
of the stomach.
o Endocrine hormone
o Enters the bloodstream and eventually
returns to the stomach
o Stimulates parietal cells to produce
hydrochloric acid (HCl) and Intrinsic factor
(IF).
 GASTRIC LIPASE PANCREATIC LIPASE
• Gastric lipase is an • Pancreatic lipase, also known as
acidic lipase secreted by the gastric triacylglycerol lipase is secreted
chief cells in the fundic mucosa in from the pancreas.
the stomach. • The primary lipase that hydrolyzes
• These lipases, unlike alkaline lipases dietary fat molecules in the human
(such as pancreatic lipase), do not digestive system, converting
require bile acid or colipase for triacylglycerol substrates to
optimal enzymatic activity. monoglycericles and free fatty acids
• Acidic lipases make up 30% of by breaking hydrogen bonds.
lipid hydrolysis occurring during
digestion in the human adult, with
gastric lipase contributing the most
of the two acidic lipases.
• In neonates, acidic lipases are much
more important, providing up to
50% of total lipolytic activity.
 Enzymes speed up digestive processes.
 The stomach plays a major role in digestion,
both in a mechanical sense by mixing and
crushing the food, and also in an enzymatic
sense, by digesting it.
 Enzymes are responsible for moving large
parts of a cell’s internal structure, such as
pulling chromosomes apart when a cell
divides.
THANK YOU!!