802 Standards

Modern Communication Standards

IEEE 802 Standards

 IEEE 802 refers to a family of IEEE standards dealing

with local area networks and metropolitan area networks.

 802 is sometimes associated with the date the first meeting

was held February 1980
 The services and protocols specified in IEEE 802 map the
lower two layers (Data Link and Physical) of the seven-
layer OSI networking reference model.
IEEE 802.1

 802 LAN/MAN architecture

 internetworking among 802 LANs, MANs
and wide area networks
 802 Link Security
 802 overall network management
 protocol layers above the MAC & LLC layers
IEEE 802.2 (LLC)

IEEE 802.2 is the name given to a subsection of the IEEE

802 standard that describes a software component of a
computer network. It defines Logical Link Control (LLC), which
is the upper portion of the data link layer of the OSI Model.
The LLC sub-layer presents a uniform interface to the user of
the data link service, usually the network layer. Beneath the
LLC sub-layer is the Media Access Control (MAC) sub-layer,
which is dependent on the particular medium being used
(Ethernet, token ring, FDDI, 802.11, etc.).
802.3 (Ethernet)

Over a "virtual ring" on a coaxial cable, a token is passed

around the network nodes and only the node possessing the
token may transmit. If a node doesn't have anything to send,
the token is passed on to the next node on the virtual ring.
Each node must know the address of its neighbor in the ring,
so a special protocol is needed to notify the other nodes of
connections to, and disconnections from, the ring.
802.3 (Ethernet)

 10BASE5 10 Mbit/s (1.25 MB/s) over thick coax. Same as

Ethernet II (above) except Type field is replaced by Length,
and an802.2 LLC header follows the 802.3 header. Based on
the CSMA/CD Process.
 802.3a - 10BASE2 10 Mbit/s (1.25 MB/s) over thin Coax
(a.k.a. thinnet or cheapernet)
 802.3i - 10BASE-T 10 Mbit/s (1.25 MB/s) over twisted pair
 802.3j - 10BASE-F 10 Mbit/s (1.25 MB/s) over Fiber-Optic
*802.4 (Token Bus)

This is an application of the concepts used

in token ring networks. The main
difference is that the endpoints of the bus
do not meet to form a physical ring.
 *IEEE 802.5 Defines the MAC layer for a Token Ring
 *IEEE 802.6 is a standard governed by
the ANSI for Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN).
 *IEEE 802.7 Broadband LAN using Coaxial Cable
 *IEEE 802.8 Fiber Optic TAG
 *IEEE 802.9 Integrated Services LAN (ISLAN or isoEthernet)
 *IEEE 802.10 Interoperable LAN Security
802.11 Standards
Modern Communication Standards
 History of Wi-fi

 802.11 technology has its origins in a 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal
Communications Commission that released the ISM band for unlicensed
use.
 In 1991 NCR Corporation/AT&T (now Alcatel-Lucent and LSI Corporation)
invented the precursor to 802.11 in Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. The
inventors initially intended to use the technology for cashier systems. The
first wireless products were brought to the market under the name
WaveLAN with raw data rates of 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s.
 Vic Hayes, who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for 10 years and has been
called the "father of Wi-Fi" was involved in designing the initial 802.11b and
802.11a standards within the IEEE.
 In 1999, the Wi-Fi Alliance was formed as a trade association to hold the
Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold.
What is 802.11?

 IEEE 802.11 is a set of media access control (MAC)

and physical layer (PHY) specifications for
implementing wireless local area network (WLAN)
computer communication in the 2.4, 3.6, 5 and
60 GHz frequency bands.
 They are created and maintained by
the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802). The
base version of the standard was released in 1997 and has
had subsequent amendments. The standard and
amendments provide the basis for wireless network
products using the Wi-Fi brand.
 802.11-1997 (802.11 legacy)
 The original version of the standard IEEE 802.11 was released in 1997 and
clarified in 1999, but is today obsolete. It specified two net bit rates of 1 or
2 megabits per second (Mbit/s), plus forward error correction code.
 It specified three alternative physical layer technologies:
 diffuse infrared operating at 1 Mbit/s;
 frequency-hopping spread spectrum operating at 1 Mbit/s or 2 Mbit/s;
 direct-sequence spread spectrum operating at 1 Mbit/s or 2 Mbit/s.
The latter two radio technologies used microwave transmission over the Industrial
Scientific Medical frequency band at 2.4 GHz. Some earlier WLAN technologies
used lower frequencies, such as the U.S. 900 MHz ISM band.

 Legacy 802.11 with direct-sequence spread spectrum was rapidly supplanted

and popularized by 802.11b.
802.11a OFDM Waveform

 OFDM waveform at 5.8GHz

 transmission and reception of data at rates of 1.5 to
54Mbit/s
Since the 2.4 GHz band is heavily used to the point of being
crowded, using the relatively unused 5 GHz band gives
802.11a a significant advantage.
802.11a signals are absorbed more readily by walls and other
solid objects in their path due to their smaller wavelength
802.11b

802.11b has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit/s and uses

the same media access method defined in the original
standard

Faster compared to 802.11 legacy

802.11b devices experience interference from other products
operating in the 2.4 GHz band
802.11g

 This works in the 2.4 GHz band, but uses the same OFDM based
transmission scheme as 802.11a.
 operates at a maximum physical layer bit rate of 54 Mbit/s
exclusive of forward error correction codes, or about 22 Mbit/s
average throughput.
 802.11g hardware is fully backward compatible with 802.11b
hardware and therefore is encumbered with legacy issues that
reduce throughput when compared to 802.11a by ~21%

Suffers interference from other devices using the 2.4Ghz band

802.11-2007

Amendments 802.11a, b, d, e, g, h, i, j were merged and

called IEEE 802.11-2007
802.11n

 improves upon the previous 802.11 standards by

adding multiple-input multiple-output antennas
(MIMO)
 operates on both the 2.4 GHz and the lesser used
5 GHz bands
 maximum net data rate from 54 Mbit/s to 600 Mbit/s
802.11-2012

Amendments 802.11k, r, y, n, w, p, z, v, u, s were merged and

renamed to IEEE 802.11-2012.
802.11ac

 EEE 802.11ac
is a standard under development which will provide
throughput in the 5 GHz band. This specification will
enable higher multi-station WLAN throughput of at least
1 gigabit per second and a maximum single link
throughput of at least 500 megabits per second, by using
wider RF bandwidth (80 or 160 MHz), more streams (up
to 8), and high-density modulation (up to 256 QAM).
802.11ad

 IEEE 802.11ad
"WiGig" is a published standard that is already seeing a
major push from hardware manufacturers. On 24 July
2012 Marvell and Wilocity announced a new partnership
to bring a new tri-band Wi-Fi solution to market. Using
60 GHz, the new standard can achieve a theoretical
maximum throughput of up to 7 Gbit/s. This standard is
expected to reach the market sometime in early 2014.
802.12 (100BaseVG)

 a 100 Mbit/s Ethernet standard specified to run over four

pairs of category 3 UTP wires (known as voice grade, hence
the "VG"). It is also called 100VG-AnyLAN because it was
defined to carry both Ethernet and token ring frame types.
802.14 Cable Modem Systems

 Formed in the 1990a to develop a standard fro cable

modem systems. However, it was disbanded when the
North American multi-system operators backed the then
fledging DOCSIS 1.0 specification, which generally used best
efforts service and was IP-based.
 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network

This has 7 Task Groups

Task Group 1: WPAN / Bluetooth

Task Group 2: Coexistence
Task Group 3: High Rate WPAN
Task Group 4: Low Rate WPAN
Task Group 5: mesh networking
Task Group 6: Body Area Networks
Task Group 7: visible light
communication
802.15.1 WPAN/BLUETOOTH

 Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging

data over short distances (using short-wavelength
radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400–2480 MHz)
from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area
networks (PANs) with high levels of security. Created by
Ericsson in 1994 ,it was originally conceived as a wireless
alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several
devices, overcoming problems of synchronization.
 Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special
Interest Group (Bluetooth SIG)
802.15.1 WPAN/BLUETOOTH

 The word "Bluetooth" is an Anglicized version of

the Scandinavian Blåtand/Blåtann, the epithet of
the tenth-century king Harald I of Denmark and
parts of Norway who united dissonant Danish
tribes into a single kingdom. The idea of this name
was proposed in 1997 by Jim Kardach who
developed the system.
 The Bluetooth logo is a bind rune merging
the Younger Futhark runes (Hagall) (ᚼ)
and (Bjarkan) (ᛒ), Harald's initials
 802.15.1 WPAN/BLUETOOTH

 The transmitted data is divided into packets and each packet

is transmitted on one of the 79 designated Bluetooth
channels. Each channel has a bandwidth of 1 MHz. The first
channel starts at 2402 MHz and continues up to 2480 MHz in
1 MHz steps. It usually performs 1600 hops per second,
with Adaptive Frequency-Hopping (AFH) enabled.
 A master Bluetooth device can communicate with a maximum
of seven devices in a piconet.
 The Bluetooth Core Specification provides for the connection
of two or more piconets to form a scatternet, in which certain
devices simultaneously play the master role in one piconet
and the slave role in another.
802.15.1 WPAN/BLUETOOTH

Maximum permitted power Typ. Range

Class
(mW) (dBm) (m)
Class 1 100 20 ~100
Class 2 2.5 4 ~10
Class 3 1 0 ~1
 802.15.1 WPAN/BLUETOOTH

Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR

 This version of the Bluetooth Core Specification was
released in 2004. The main difference is the introduction
of an Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) for faster data transfer.
The nominal rate of EDR is about 3 Mbit/s, although the
practical data transfer rate is 2.1 Mbit/s.
Bluetooth v2.1 + EDR
 The headline feature of 2.1 is secure simple pairing
(SSP): this improves the pairing experience for Bluetooth
devices, while increasing the use and strength of
security.
 802.15.1 WPAN/BLUETOOTH

 Version 3.0 + HS of the Bluetooth Core Specification was

adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on 21 April 2009.
Bluetooth 3.0+HS provides theoretical data transfer
speeds of up to 24 Mbit/s, though not over the
Bluetooth link itself. Instead, the Bluetooth link is used
for negotiation and establishment, and the high data
rate traffic is carried over a collocated 802.11 link.
 802.15.1 WPAN/BLUETOOTH

 Bluetooth Smart 4.0

 It includes Classic Bluetooth, Bluetooth high
speed and Bluetooth low energy protocols.
 Bluetooth high speed is based on Wi-Fi
 Classic Bluetooth consists of legacy Bluetooth protocols.
 Bluetooth low energy (BLE), previously known as WiBree
or Bluetooth ULP, is aimed at very low power
applications running off a coin cell.
802.15.2 Coexistence
 addresses the coexistence of wireless personal area
networks (WPAN) with other wireless devices operating in
unlicensed frequency bands such as wireless local area
networks (WLAN).
802.15.3 High Rate WPAN
 is a MAC and PHY standard for high-rate (11 to 55 Mbit/s)
WPANs.
802.15.4 Low Rate WPAN

 is a standard which specifies the physical layer and media

access control for low-rate wireless personal area
networks (LR-WPANs).
802.15.4 Low Rate WPAN

ZigBee
 a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols
used to create personal area networks built from small, low-
power digital radios. Though low-powered, ZigBee devices often
transmit data over longer distances by passing data through
intermediate devices to reach more distant ones
 ZigBee is used in applications that require a low data rate, long
battery life, and secure networking. ZigBee has a defined rate of
250 kbit/s, best suited for periodic or intermittent data or a single
signal transmission from a sensor or input device.
802.15.4 Low Rate WPAN
802.15.5 Mesh Networking

 provides the architectural framework enabling WPAN

devices to promote interoperable, stable, and scalable
wireless mesh networking. This standard is composed of
two parts: low-rate WPAN mesh and high-rate WPAN mesh
networks.
802.15.6 Body Area Networks

 focus on a low-power and short-range wireless standard to

be optimized for devices and operation on, in, or around
the human body (but not limited to humans) to serve a
variety of applications including medical, consumer
electronics, and personal entertainment.
802.15.6 Body Area Networks
802.15.7 Visible Light Communication

 free-space optical communication using visible light.

 802.16 WirelessMAN

 officially called WirelessMAN in IEEE,

it has been commercialized under
the name “WiMAX" (from
"Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access") by the WiMAX
Forum industry alliance. The Forum
promotes and certifies compatibility
and interoperability of products
based on the IEEE 802.16 standards.
802.16 WirelessMAN

 a wireless communications standard designed to

provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates,
with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for
fixed stations. The name "WiMAX" was created
by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June
2001 to promote conformity and interoperability
of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as
"a standards-based technology enabling the
delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as
an alternative to cable and DSL".
 Standard Description Status
Fixed Broadband Wireless Access
802.16-2001 Superseded
(10–66 GHz)
Recommended practice for
802.16.2-2001 Superseded
coexistence
802.16c-2002 System profiles for 10–66 GHz Superseded
Physical layer and MAC definitions
802.16a-2003 Superseded
for 2–11 GHz
License-exempt frequencies
P802.16b Withdrawn
(Project withdrawn)

Maintenance and System profiles

P802.16d for 2–11 GHz Merged
(Project merged into 802.16-2004)

Air Interface for Fixed Broadband

Wireless Access System
802.16-2004 Superseded
(rollup of 802.16–2001, 802.16a,
802.16c and P802.16d)

Coexistence with 2–11 GHz and

23.5–43.5 GHz
P802.16.2a Merged
(Project merged into 802.16.2-
2004)
 Recommended practice for coexistence
802.16.2-2004 Current
(Maintenance and rollup of 802.16.2–2001 and P802.16.2a)

802.16f-2005 Management Information Base (MIB) for 802.16-2004 Superseded

Corrections for fixed operations
802.16-2004/Cor 1–2005 Superseded
(co-published with 802.16e-2005)
802.16e-2005 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access System Superseded
Bridging of 802.16
802.16k-2007 Current
(an amendment to IEEE 802.1D)
802.16g-2007 Management Plane Procedures and Services Superseded
Mobile Management Information Base
P802.16i Merged
(Project merged into 802.16-2009)

Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access System
802.16-2009 (rollup of 802.16–2004, 802.16-2004/Cor 1, 802.16e, 802.16f, 802.16g and Current
P802.16i)

802.16j-2009 Multihop relay Current

802.16h-2010 Improved Coexistence Mechanisms for License-Exempt Operation Current

Advanced Air Interface with data rates of 100 Mbit/s mobile and 1 Gbit/s
fixed.
802.16m-2011 Current
Also known as Mobile WiMAX Release 2 or WirelessMAN-Advanced.
Aiming at fulfilling the ITU-R IMT-Advanced requirements on 4G systems.

P802.16n Higher Reliability Networks In Progress

P802.16p Enhancements to Support Machine-to-Machine Applications In Progress
 802.17 - Resilient packet ring
 802.18 - Radio Regulatory TAG
 802.19 - Coexistence TAG
 802.20 - Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
 802.21 - Media Independent Handoff
 802.22 - Wireless Regional Area Network
 802.23 - Emergency Services Working Group
 802.24 - Smart Grid TAG
 802.25 - Omni-Range Area Network