GATE INSTALLATION

GATE INSTALLATION
FOR SLUICEWAYS PASSING THROUGH EARTH OR ROCK-FILL DAMS (FIG.
9.27A) IT IS GOOD PRACTICE TO INSTALL A GATE AT THE UPSTREAM END OF
CONDUIT SO THAT THE CONDUIT IS UNDER PRESSURE ONLY WHEN GATE IS
OPEN. ON HOW-HEAD INSTALLATIONS THESE GATES MAY ACT AS FLOW
REGULATORS, BUT FOR HIGH-HEAD PROJECTS THEY ARE USED ONLY AS GUARD
GATES FOR REGULATING VALVES AT THE DOWNSTREAM END OF CONDUIT. IT IS
IMPORTANT THAT THE DOWNSTREAM OUTLET BE LOCATED SO THAT THE
DISCHARGING WATER WILL NOT DAMAGE THE DOWNSTREAM FACE OF THE
DAM.
FIG. 9.27A
GATE INSTALLATION
HIGH PRESSURE REGULATING VALVES(NEEDLE, TUBE OR
HOWELL-BUNGER) FIG. 9.26 DIAGRAM OF A HOWELL-BUNGER
VALVE
GATE INSTALLATION
HIGH PRESSURE REGULATING VALVES(NEEDLE, TUBE OR
HOWELL-BUNGER) SHOULD ALWAYS BE PROVIDED WITH GUARD
GATES TO PERMIT INSPECTION AND REPAIR. THE GUARD GATES MAY
BE LOCATED NEAR THE UPSTREAM FACE OF THE DAM (FIG. 9.27B) OR
IMMEDIATELY UPSTREAM FROM THE REGULATING VALVE (FIG. 9.27.C),
IN WHICH CASE A SINGLE OPERATING CHAMBER MAY SERVE BOTH
VALVES.
FIG. 9.27C FIG. 9.27B
GATE INSTALLATION
ON LARGE PROJECTS, GUARD GATES ARE OFTEN INSTALLED IN TANDEM
TO PROVIDE A SAFEGUARD AGAINST ONE OF THEM BECOMING INOPERATIVE(
FIG. 9.27D).THE INSTALLATION PICTURED IN FIG. 9.27D HAS THE OUTLET END OF
THE CONDUITS CURVED DOWNWARD SO AS TO DISCHARGE THE WATER
TANGENTIALLY TO THE DOWNSTREAM FACE OF THE DAM. THIS DESIGN IS USED
AT SHASTA DAM, WHERE EIGHTEEN 102-IN.(2.6M) VALVES ARE EMPLOYED TO
REGULATE THE FLOW IN EIGHTEEN SLUICES LOCATED ATE THREE DIFFERENT
LEVELS. THE SEVERAL SLUICEWAYS SERVE AS A PRECAUTION AGAINST ONE OR
MORE BECOMING INOPERATIVE AND ALSO PERMIT REGULATION OF OUTFLOW
WITH THE VALVES WIDE OPEN.
FIG. 9.27D
GATE INSTALLATION
TO MINIMIZE NEGATIVE PRESSURE AND CAVITATION, AIR INLETS SHOULD
BE PROVIDED DOWNSTEAM FROM HIGH-PRESSURE GATES AND VALVES THAT
DO NOT DISCHARGE INTO THE ATMOSPHERE. THE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF
THE AIR INLET WILL USUALLY BE 05 TO 1 PERCENT THAT OF THE SLUICEWAY. THE
AIR-INLET MAINFOLD MAY BE CAST WITH THE GATE FRAME. AS A FURTHER
PRECAUTION, A LINING OF CAST IRON OR STEEL IS OFTEN PROVIDED IN
SLUICEWAYS WHERE HIGH NEGATIVE PRESSURES MAY DEVELOP.
GATE INSTALLATION
THE HOISTING MECHANISM FOR A GATE MUST HAVE ADEQUATE
CAPACITY TO HANDLE THE WEIGHT OF THE GATE AND OTHER MOVING PARTS,
THE FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE, AND THE HYDRAULIC FORCES TENDING TO OPEN
OR CLOSE THE GATE. THESE USUALLY TAKE THE FORM OF HYDRAULIC
DOWNPULL RESULTING FROM REDUCED PRESSURE AT THE BOTTOM OF THE GATE
WHEN IN THE PARTIALLY OPEN POSITION. THE HYDRULIC DOWNPULLFORCE MAY
BE QUITE LARGE IN SOME INSTANCES.
HYDRAULICS OF
OUTLET WORKS
HYDRAULICS OF OUTLET WORKS
THE OUTLET WORKS OF A DAM MUST BE DESIGNED TO DISCHARGE
WATER AT RATES DICTATED BY THE PURPOSE OF THE DAM .HEAD LOSSES
ENCOUNTERED IN OUTLET CONDUITS INCLUDE THOSE CAUSED BY THE TRASH
RACKS CONDUIT ENTRANCE, CONDUIT FRICTION, GATES AND VALVES ,
TRANSITIONS , AND BENDS
TRASH-RACK LOSSES ARE LOW, APPROXIMATELY AS INDICATED IN TABLE
9.1 HEAD LOSS AT THE ENTRANCE TO A CONDUIT DEPENDS ON THE SHAPE OF
THE ENTRANCE AND VARIES FROM 0.004H FOR A BELL MOUTH ENTRANCE TO
0.05H FOR A SQUARE-EDGED OPENING(FIG 9.19),WHERE H, IS THE VELOCITY
HEAD IN THE CONDUIT JUST DOWNSTREAM FROM THE ENTRANCE.
TABLE 9.1
 THE HEAD LOSS THROUGH FULLY OPEN GATE AND BUTTERFLY VALVES IS
ABOUT 0.2H BUT FOR RING-FOLLOWER GATES THE HEAD LOSS IS ASSUMED TO
BE ZERO SINCE THERE IS DISCONTINUITY IN THE WALLS OF THE CONDUIT WHEN
THE GATE IS OPEN. DISCHARGE CURVES FOR NEEDLE, TUBE AND HOWELL-
BUNGER VALVES MAY BE SECURED FROM THE MANUFACTURE. MOST NEEDLE
VALVES AT FULL CAPACITY HAVE A COEFFICIENT C OF ABOUT 0.07 IN THE
EQUATION.
Q=C A (GH)1/2
WHERE A IS THE INLET AREA OF THE VALVE AND H IS THE TOTAL HEAD AT
THE VALVE .BECAUSE OF THEIR SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION, HOWELL-BUNGER
VALVES HAVE COEFFICIENTS OF ABOUT 0.09.
FISHWAYS
 SALMON, STEELHEAD TROUT, AND OTHER TYPES OF ANADROMOUS FISH,
HAVING SPENT THEIR ADULT YEARS IN SALT WATER, INSTINCTIVELY MIGRATE
UPSTREAM FOR SPAWNING. THE FINGERLINGS THAT ARE HATCHED GENERALLY
HEAD DOWNSTREAM DURING THEIR FIRST YEAR. DAMS BUILT BELOW THE
SPAWNING AREA ON STREAMS INHABITED BY THESE TYPES OF FISH MUST BE
PROVIDED WITH FISH-PASSING FACILITIES IF IT IS DESIRED TO MAINTAIN THESE
FISH. UPSTREAM PASSAGE OF FISH CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH THE
INSTALLATION OF FISH LADDERS. THESE STRUCTURES PROVIDE A SERIES OF
STEPPED POOLS HAVING AN ELEVATION DIFFERENCE OF ABOUT 1 FT. (0.3M) ON
A SLOPE OF 1 ON 10 TO 1 ON 15.THE WATERS FLOWS FROM ONE POOL TO
THE OTHER TROUGH A WEIR AND ORIFICE; THE FISH GENERALLY TRAVEL
UPSTREAM THROUGH THE ORIFICES .FISH LADDERS ARE NOT ECONOMIC FOR
USE DAMS HIGHER THAN 100 FT (30M).IN SUCH INSTANCES FISH ARE USUALLY
TRANSPORTED UPSTREAM BY MECHANICAL MEANS USING TRAMWAYS OR TANK
TRUCKS.
 THE SEAWARD-MIGRATING FINGERLINGS MUST BE PROTECTED FROM
TURBINES AND SPILLWAYS ON HIGH-HEAD PROJECTS. IF THE HEAD IS LESS THAN
15 FT. (5M), THE FISH CAN PASS THROUGH TURBINES AND SPILLWAYS WITH
VERY LOW MORTALITY. VARIOUS TYPES OF SCREENS AND LOUVERS ARE USED
TO DIVERT THE FISH INTO SAFE BY PASS WHICH MIGHT TAKE THE FORM OF A
SHORT LENGTH OF PRESSURE PIPE THROUGH WHICH THE FISH PASS
DOWNSTREAM, OR THE FISH MAY BE DIVERTED INTO A POND FROM WHICH
THEY CAN BE EXTRACTED FOR DOWNSTREAM TRANSPORT BY TANK TRUCK .AT
TIMES OF HEAVY SPILL, PARTICULARLY WITH OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS, THE WATER
MAY BECOME SUPERSATURATED WITH NITROGEN; THIS CAN CAUSE AIR-BUBBLE
DISEASE IN FISH SIMILAR TO THE BENDS AND RESULTS IN HIGH MORTALITY. THE
BEST PREVENTIVE MEASURE IS TO OPERATE THE RESERVOIR IN SUCH A MANNER
THAT SPILL RARELY OCCURS WHEN FINGERLINGS ARE PRESENT IN THE STREAM.
PROTECTION AGAINST
SCOUR BELOW DAMS
PROTECTION AGAINST SCOUR BELOW DAMS

WATER FLOWING OVER A SPILLWAY OR THROUGH A

SLUICEWAY IS CAPABLE OF CAUSING SEVERE EROSION OF
THE STREAM BED AND BANKS THE DAM. CONSEQUENTLY
THE DAM AND ITS APPURTENANT WORKS MUST BE SO
DESIGNED THAT HARMFUL EROSION IS MINIMIZED.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF SCOUR PROTECTION
THE DECISION AS TO WHAT DEGREE OF EROSION PROTECTION SHOULD
BE PROVIDED IMMEDIATELY DOWNSTREAM FROM A DAM FROM A DAM DEPENDS
LARGELY ON THE AMOUNT OF EROSION EXPECTED AND THE DAMAGE THAT
MIGHT RESULT FROM THIS EROSION. THE TIME REQUIRED TO DEVELOP SERIOUS
EROSION DEPENDS NOT ONLY ON THE CHARACTER OF THE STREAM-BED
MATERIAL AND THE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION BUT ALSO ON THE FREQUENCY
WITH WHICH SCOURING FLOWS OCCUR .THUS THE RESULTS OF MODEL TEST
MUST BE INTERPRETED IN THE LIGHT OF THE EXPECTED FLOWS AT THE DAM SITE.
IF MANY YEARS ARE EXPECTED TO PASS BEFORE SERIOUS EROSION CONDITIONS
DEVELOP, IT MAY NOT BE ECONOMICAL TO PROVIDE EXPENSIVE PROTECTION
WORKS IN THE INITIAL CONSTRUCTION.
 SOLID ROCK IS USUALLY RESISTANT TO SCOUR, ALTHOUGH IF THE ROCK
HAS MARKED BEDDING PLANES IT MAY NOT ENDURE HIGH-VELOCITY FLOW. IF
THE ROCK HAS A ROUGH, JAGGED SURFACE, CAVITATION MAY ASSIST IN THE
EROSION. LOOSE EARTH AND ROCK ARE VULNERABLE TO THE EROSION ACTION
OF FLOWING WATER AND MAY SCOUR SEVERELY AT VELOCITIES AS LOW AS 2
OR 3 FT/SEC (0.6 TO 1.0 M/S).MOVABLE-BED MODEL STUDIES WITH GRAVEL,
SAND, OR POWDERED COAL TO SIMULATE THE RIVER BED MAY BE USED TO
PREDICT VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS AND SCOUR PATTERNS IN THE PROTOTYPE.
ORDINARY HYDRAULIC MODELS, HOWEVER, DO NOT REPRODUCE EFFECTS
DEPENDENT ON SURFACE TENSION , SUCH AS AIR ENTRAINMENT AND SPRAY
FORMATION; NOR DO THEY REPRODUCE PRESSURE EFFECTS SUCH AS
CAVITATION .SPECIAL GLASS-ENCLOSED MODELS IN WHICH THE PRESSURE CAN
BE REDUCED BELOW ATMOSPHERE ARE USED TO STUDY CAVITATION .THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS ENERGY-DISSIPATING DEVICES MAY ALSO BE
ESTIMATED FROM TRIALS ON HYDRAULIC MODELS.