MEASUREMENTS

OF
CREATED BY

ANGGI FAJARIANSYAH
41.18.0010
KAHFI NUR HIDAYAT
41.18.0022
MUHAMMAD NAUFAL
41.18.0024
FIKRIANSYAH

METEOROLOGICAL
 TODAY’S TOPIC
Measurements of Upper-air
Measurements of Evaporation Pressure, Temperature and
Humidity

Measurements of Soil Measurements of Upper

Moisture Wind
 Measurements of
Evaporation
Evaporation = Quantity of water evaporated into the atmosfer from the open water
INFORMA surface or the ground.

TION The rate of evaporation can be expressed as the mass or volume of

liquid water evaporated per area in unit of time,
The unit of time is normally a day.
The amount of evaporation should be read in millimetres.
METHOD Factors affecting the rate of evaporation :
S 1. Meterological Factors
- Energy
is needed to change water from the liquid to the vapour phase.
- Aerodynamics Variable
can control the rate of transfer of the evaporated water vapour.
2. Surface Factors
DEVICES The roughness of the surface, aridity, size and shape of surfaces, clean or
dirty area.
 Measurements of
Evaporation
Direct measurements of evaporation from extended natural water or land surfaces are
INFORMA not practicable at present. So, it needs a several indirect measurements and other
calculation.
TION
The water loss from a standard saturated surface is
measured with evaporimeters. Which may be classified
As atmometers and pan or tank
METHOD evaporimeters.

S These devices cannot directly measure either

evaporation from natural water surfaces. But they need an adjustment to arrive at
reliable estimates of evaporation.

DEVICES
 Measurements of
Evaporation
1. ATMOMETERS
INFORMA
An atmometer is an instrument that
TION measures the loss of water from a
wetted surface.

METHOD
The characteristic:
S - 11.8 inch (300 mm) capacity water
reservoir.
- 5 Cm in Diameter.
Prinsip kerja: tabung di isi dengan air
kemudian mulutnya di tutup. Sesudah
DEVICES itu atmometer digantungkan di tempat
yang akan diselidiki. Ketika terjadi
penguapan maka air akan berkurang
 Measurements of
Evaporation
2. PANS AND TANKS
INFORMA
The rate of evaporation from a pan or tank
TION evaporimeter is measured by the change in level of its free water surface.

To keep the water level constant is removing off or releasing into the water and
the pan will automatically record.
METHOD
Devided into 3 types:
S a. United State Class A Pan
b. Rusian GGI-3000 Pan
c. Rusian 20m2 Tank

Prinsip kerja : ketika terjadi penguapan air akan berkurang, perbedaan ketinggian
DEVICES air yang di hitung
 Measurements of
Evaporation
a. United State Class A Pan
INFORMA
TION
The Specification:
- 25.4 cm deep
- 120.7 cm in diameter.
- constructed by 0.8 mm thick
METHOD galvanized iron, copper or metal,
(normally left unpainted)
S

DEVICES
 Measurements of
Evaporation
b. Russian GGI-3000 Pan
INFORMA
TION The Specification:
- Surface area of 3 000 cm2
- Depth in 60 cm.
- The bottom of the pan is cone-
METHOD shaped.
set in the soil with its rim 7.5 cm above
S the ground.

DEVICES
 Measurements of
Evaporation
a. Russian 20m2 Tank
INFORMA
TION The Specification:
- Surface is 20 m2
- 5 cm in diameter
- Made of 4 to 5 mm thick welded iron
METHOD sheets
- installed in the soil with its rim 7.5
S cm above the ground.

DEVICES
 Measurements of
Evaporation
3. Lysimeters
INFORMA
Special devices for measuring percolation
TION and changes in the soil-moisture content.

The Characterisic:
- The surface area 0.05 to some 100 m2.
METHOD - Depth varies from 0.1 to 5 m.

S Prinsip kerja : tuang air pada masing –

masing tanah pengujian. Tunggu 24 jam
ambil air yang berada dibagian bawah
tanah

DEVICES
 Measurements of Soil
Moisture
Soil moisture determinations measure either:
INFORMA
a. The Soil Water Content
TION Soil water content is an expression of the mass or volume of water in the soil.

b. Soil Water Potential

Describes the energy status of the soil water and is an important parameter
METHOD for water transport analysis, water storage estimates and soil-plant-water
relationships.
S

DEVICES
 Measurements of Soil
Moisture
Classified in three ways:
INFORMA
First, a distinction is made between the determination of water content and the
TION determination of water potential.

Second, a so-called direct method requires the availability of sizeable representative

terrain from which large numbers of soil samples can be taken for destructive
METHOD evaluation in the laboratory.

S Third, methods can be ranged according to operational applicability, the complexity of

the operation and the reliability of the result.

DEVICES
 Measurements of Soil
Moisture
1. TENSIOMETER
INFORMA
Measuring instrument used to determine
TION the matric water potential .

This device typically consists of

a glass or plastic tube with a
METHOD porous ceramic cup, and is filled with water.

DEVICES
 Measurements of Soil
Moisture
2. Psychrometer
INFORMA
Measures the relative humidity in the
TION atmosphere through the use of two
thermometers:

a. A dry bulb thermometer, to measure the

METHOD temperature by being exposed to the air.
b. aAwet bulb thermometer, measures
S temperature by having the bulb dipped
in a liquid.

DEVICES
 Measurements of Upper-air Pressure,
Temperature and Humidity

INFORMA
TION
A meteorological observation made in the free atmosphere, either directly or indirectly.
Upper-air measurements of temperature and relative humidity are two of the basic
measurements used in the initialization of the analyses of numerical weather prediction
METHOD models for operational weather forecasting.
S

DEVICES
 Measurements of Upper-air Pressure,
Temperature and Humidity

INFORMA Radiosonde observation: An observation of meteorological variables in the

TION upper air, usually atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity, by means of
a radiosonde.

Radiosondes are usually carried by balloons rising with a rate of ascent of

between 5 and 8 m/s, depending on the specifications and characteristics
METHOD of the balloon in use.
S

DEVICES
 Measurements of Upper-air Pressure,
Temperature and Humidity

Radiosonde electronics
INFORMA
TION 1. Power Supply
2. Radio transmitter
3. Temperature sensor
4. Pressure sensor
5. Relative humidity sensors
METHOD
S

DEVICES
 Measurements of Upper Wind
Upper-wind observation: An observation at a
INFORMA given height or the result of a complete sounding of wind direction and speed in the
Atmosphere. The units of measurement for the meteorological
TION variables of radiosonde observations are hectopascals for pressure, degrees Celsius for
temperature, and per cent for relative humidity.

METHOD
S

DEVICES
 Measurements of Upper Wind

INFORMA
TION Upper-wind measurements is ususally using a radiosonde.

Radiosonde has a component:

- Ballon
METHOD - Anthena
S - Battery
- Tracker
- Sensors

DEVICES
 Measurements of Upper Wind

The measurements using radiosonde:

INFORMA
TION 1. Tracking using radionavigation signals.

The signals from the satellites are received by a dedicated antenna on the radiosonde.
The system will also have a GPS antenna on the ground to receive signals for
reference.
METHOD A GPS engine, either on the ground or in the radiosonde will decode the signals or
S allow computation of the radiosonde position in three dimensions as a function of
time.

2. Tracking using a directional aerial.

Measurements are mostly achieved using a radiotheodolite and primary radar to

DEVICES track a radiosonde carried by a balloon. A primary radar can also track a reflecting
target carried by the balloon.
 Measurements of Upper Wind

INFORMA
TION

METHOD
S
THEODOLIT
E
RADIOSON
DE

DEVICES
TERIM
A KASI
H