BASIC CONCEPTS

OF STEAM TURBINE
By
Er. A . GANESAN , B.E.,
Executive Engineer
Turbine Maintenance
Tuticorin Thermal Power
Station
 INTRODUCTION
MAJOR EQUIPMENTS OF AN UNIT
 BOILER – Generation of steam and supplied to
turbine
 TURBINE – Expansion of steam supplied and
converting the steam energy into kinetic
(Rotational) energy
 GENERATOR – Converting the rotational energy
of turbine into electrical energy
 STEAM CYCLE
 The Thermal Power Plants with steam Turbine
use Rankine cycle.
 Rankine cycle is vapour power cycle having two
basic characteristics.
i. The working fluid is a condensable vapour which
is in liquid phase during part of the cycle.
ii. The cycle consists of succession of steady flow
processes.
 ACTION OF STEAM TURBINE
 1.The steam turbine is a prime mover
powering an electric generator which
produces electric current
 The steam turbine converts
Thermal energy of steam →kinetic
energy of motion → Mechanical
energy of shaft rotation .
 SUPER HEATED STEAM
 Superheated steam is very essential for power
generation due to the following advantages.
1.It reduces the specific steam consumption.
2.It reduces the condensation losses in pipes.
3.It eliminates the erosion of the Turbine blades in
the last stages.
4.The efficiency of the steam power plant is higher
with the use of superheated steam.
 EFFICIENCY OF THERMAL
POWER PLANT
 Thermal plant
 efficiency = Boiler ŋ x Thermal cycle ŋ x
Internal
turbine ŋ x Mechanical turbine
ŋ x
Generator ŋ
 0.3 to 0.4 = 0.75 / 0.9 x 0.35 / 0.5 x 0.85 /
0.94
x 0.99 /0.995 x 0.98 / 0.985
 VARIOUS EFFICIENCIES
a) Thermal plant efficiency = Energy out put from generator /
Energy input by calorific value of the fuel.
b) Boiler efficiency = Energy out put of steam /
Energy input by the fuel
c) Thermal cycle efficiency= Energy available for conversion to
mechanical work / Total energy available in the working fluid.
d) Internal efficiency of turbine = Energy converted in to
mechanical work / Total energy available for conversion to
mechanical work.
e) Mechanical efficiency of turbine = work done at TG coupling /
Total energy converted in mechanical work.
f) Generator efficiency = Energy out put by the generator /
Work done at TG coupling.
Condensing Type turbine Back pressure type turbine

Steam inlet pressure 40 kg/cm2a Steam inlet pressure 40 kg/cm2a

Steam inlet 350 deg C Steam inlet 350 deg C

temperature temperature

Exhaust vacuum 657 mm Hg Exhaust pressure 4.5 kg/cm2a

Turbine rated BHP 10000 HP Turbine rated BHP 10000 HP

Steam consumption 27785 Steam consumption 57960

 In the above referred turbines, 1 %
reduction in steam consumption saves
around $ 47000 annually for
condensing turbines and around $
84000 annually in back pressure
turbine. LHV of the fuel for generating
steam is considered as 10500 kcal/kg
and boiler efficiency is taken as 87%.
 Effect of various operating parameters
is illustrated in the succeeding
 EFFECT OF STEAM INLET
PRESSURE
 Steam inlet pressure of the turbine also effects the turbine
performance. All the turbines are designed for a specified
steam inlet pressure.
 For obtaining the design efficiency, steam inlet pressure
shall be maintained at design level.
 Lowering the steam inlet pressure will hampers the
turbine efficiency and steam consumption in the turbine
will increase.
 Similarly at higher steam inlet pressure energy available to
run the turbine will be high, which in turn will reduce the
steam consumption in the turbine.
 The effects of steam inlet pressure on steam consumption
and turbine efficiency respectively, keeping all other
 Increase in steam inlet pressure by 1 kg/cm2 in
condensing type turbine reduces the steam
consumption in the turbine by about 0.3 % and
improves the turbine efficiency by about 0.1 %
respectively.
 In case of back pressure type turbine increase in
steam inlet pressure by 1 kg/cm2 reduces the
steam consumption in the turbine by about 0.7
% and improves the turbine efficiency by about
0.16 % .Improvement in back pressure type
turbine is more than the condensing type
turbine.
 EFFECT OF STEAM INLET
o
TEMPERATURE
Enthalpy of steam is a function of temperature
and pressure.
o At lower temperature, enthalpy will be low, work
done by the turbine will be low, turbine efficiency
will be low, hence steam consumption for the
required output will be higher.
o In other words, at higher steam inlet temperature,
heat extraction by the turbine will be higher and
hence for the required output, steam
consumption will reduce.
o The effects of steam inlet temperature on steam
consumption and turbine efficiency respectively,
keeping all other factors constant for the
condensing type turbine.
 EFFECT ON INCREASE IN
STEAM INLET TEMP.
Increase in steam inlet temperature by
10 deg C in condensing type turbine
reduces the steam consumption in the
turbine by about 1.1 % and improves
the turbine efficiency by about 0.12 %
respectively.
 HIGHER SIZE OF EXHAUST PIPE
♪ In many condensing turbines it is observed that the
exhaust vacuum of these turbines is much less than the
vacuum at the condenser.
♪ Mainly, it is due to the higher pressure drop in the exhaust
pipeline from turbine exhaust to the condenser.
♪ In order to improve the vacuum at turbine exhaust so as to
reduce steam consumption in the turbine, exhaust
pipeline of these turbines can be replaced with higher
size.
♪ In one of the turbine, exhaust line size of 900 mm was
replaced with 1300 mm.
♪ The pressure drop in the exhaust pipe reduced by 50 mm
Hg i.e. vacuum at the turbine exhaust improved by 50 mm
Hg.
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE
THERMAL CYCLE EFFICIENCY
I. Initial steam pressure
II. Initial steam temperature
III. Reheat pressure and temperature
IV. Condenser pressure
V. Regenerative feed water heating
 INITIAL STEAM PRESSURE
a) With increase in initial steam pressure blades
heights of initial stages gets reduced ,If it is
less than 25mm the stage become very
inefficient.
b) With increase in pressure shell thickness of
casings and size of flange and flange holes
increase. It implies non symmetric casing
resulting in higher incremental stress, thereby
restricting rate of speeding ,loading of the
turbine.
 INTIAL STEAM TEMPERATURE
I. Material consideration do restricts the initial steam
temperature .
a. Up to 400º c -Plain carbon can be used
b. Up to 480º c -Low alloy steel can be used
c. Up to 600º c -Heat resistant ferritic steels can be
used
(Limiting value 565º c )
Since boilers punctures are more at 565º c , the
steam temperatures are maintained with in 535 to
540º in practical.
d. Above 540º c austenitic steels could be used, but
 REHEAT
 Reheat improves the thermal cycle
efficiency by 4 to 5 %
 The available heat drop (For conversion to
work) increased by almost 12% per unit
mass of working fluid.
 Reducing moisture in last stages of
turbine improving internal efficiency of the
turbine.
 CONDENSER PRESSURE
Condenser has triple function in
Rankine cycle
1. Providing heat sink (Phase change
occurs)
2. Providing very low vacuum
3. To preserve the working fluid
REGENERATIVE FEED WATER
HEATING
Part of the working steam is extracted from the
turbine after partial expansion and led in to the
heaters for heating up the feed water going to
the boiler.
Latent heat of liquidification of extracted steam
is utilized in heating the feed water which other
wise will be wasted in the condenser.
Feed water is heated to 0.65 to 0.75 time
saturation temperature in seven heaters.
 STAGE EFFICIENCY

TURBINE EFFICIENCY= Mechanical work output in k cal

Total heat available across turbine in k cal

Stage Efficiency= Work done on the stage by the combination of

one fixed and one moving blade
Heat available across the stage
 STAGE EFFIEIENCY

Stage η = h1 –
h2 X 100
h1 – h3
Enthalpy
EFFECT OF INEFFIEIENCY OF STAGE-1 ON STAGE-2

P1=C

P2=C
Enthalpy

P3=C

Entropy
 TURBINE LOSSES

Internal losses External losses

1. Nozzle friction 1. Shaft gland leakage

2. Blade friction 2. Journal & Thrust bearing

3. Disc friction 3. Generator and oil pump

4. Diaphragm gland and blade tip

leakage
5. Partial admission

6. Wetness

7. Exhaust
 NOZZLE FRICTION

 Effect of nozzle friction – To reduce the

actual heat drop.
 Result in lower velocity at out let
 Reduction in velocity – shock in moving
blade.
Stage efficiency
Heat drop ad x 100 %
Heat drop ab
 DISC FRICTION
The discs on impulse turbine shaft rotate in atmosphere of
steam.. The disc surface is in contact with a layer of
steam which it drags with it thus causing some steam
circulation.
This is done at the expanse of some of the power
developed at the blades
 DIAPHRAGM GLAND AND TIP
LEAKAGE
Pressure drop only fixed nozzles / blades/
diaphragms.
Leakage losses source – The gap between the
diaphragm and the
shaft
Inter stage glands seals – minimizing the leakage.
In moving blades – No or slight pressure drop.
Tip seals are provided
Any wear of these seals will increase the steam
 PARTIAL ADMISSION LOSS

In a nozzle goevrred Turbine

For full load operation - All nozzles and open.
For partial load – Only certain rows are opened and
others remain in closed condition.
When the moving blades run across the non
operating arcs, eddies are formed.
Flow disturbance occur when the blades meet the
operating arc at the beginning and end.
- Blade windage losses
 WETNESS
 When the steam point passes into the wet region while
expansion in turbine some of the steam will condense into
fine droplets of water.
 12% of LP stages are the worst affected by wetness steam.
 Water droplets travel more slowly than steam.
 Unlike the steam which glides on the moving blade water
droplets impinge on the inlet edge.
 This blade does mechanical work in knocking the droplets
of water out of the way.
 Loss of efficiency from this cause in roughly 1% for every
one percent wetness.
 Physical damage to the blade is minimized by fitting sterlite
shields.
 EXHAUST
» The leaving steam must have certain velocity to
pass over the exhaust duct & Condenser.
» Considerable kinetic energy of the leaving
steam does no further work.
» This leaving loss = m1 V²0
2
» This velocity varies with back pressure of
turbine.
 Classification of steam turbines

a) way of energy
conversion
- impulse turbines
- reaction turbines
Classification of steam turbines
b) flow direction
- axial
- radial
c) number of
stages
- single stage
- multi-stage
 Classification of steam
turbines
d) rotational speed
- regular
- low-speed
- high-speed
e) inlet steam pressure
- high pressure (p>6,5MPa)
- intermediate pressure(2,5MPa
<p<6,5MPa)
- low-pressure (p<2,5MPa)
 Classification of steam turbines
f) way of energy
utilisation
- condensing
- extraction
- back-pressure
 Classification of steam turbines
g) application
- power station
- industrial
- transport
 CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM
TURBINE
BASICALLY STEAM TURBINE ARE
CLASSIFIED ACCORDINGLY TO THE
FOLLOWING PRINICIPLE
1. No of stages
2. Principle of steam utilization
3. Application
4. No cylinders
5. Turbine speed
6. Initial steam pressure
SINGLE STAGE TURBINE
MULTI STAGE TURBINE
 PRINCIPLE OF STEAM
UTILIZATION
1. IMPULSE TURBINE
a. Pressure compound impulse turbine
b. Velocity compound impulse turbine
c. Combination turbines with a Curtis wheel in the first
stage and conventional pressure stages in the
subsequent stages
2. REACTION TURBINE
3. COMBINATION OF IMPULSE AND REACTION
 APPLICATION
1. Condensing turbine
condensing turbine is are used only for the
generation of electric power. such turbine exhaust
steam in to a condenser with pressure below
atmospheric where a high vacuum is created and
maintained.
2. Back pressure turbine
In this turbine the steam pressure after the last stage
is above atmospheric and waste steam is used in
special heat exchanger to heat the water for heating
system.
 NUMBER OF CYLINDRES
1. SINGLE CYLINDER TURBINE
These turbines have all the stages
mounted in one cylinder.
2.MULTI CYLINDER TURBINE
In which the stages are
accommodated in two or three
cylinders
 TURBINE SPEED
 Turbine with a normal speed is 3000 rpm
 High speed turbines running at more than
3000 rpm with reduction gear box.
 The frequency of the electric current is
50cps.
 The turbine running at higher speeds are
smaller in size than rotors at slower
speeds for identical power.
 INTIAL STEAM PRESSURE
 Low pressure turbines – pressure 20 atm.
abs.
 Intermediate pressure turbines –pressure
29 to 35 atm.abs.
 High pressure turbine – pressure 90 ata.
and above.
 Super pressure turbine – pressure 170 ata.
and above
 FUNCTION OF A NOZZLE
 Potential energy of steam →Kinetic energy of
steam in the nozzle.
 The velocity of steam discharge form he nozzle
depends on
 a) pressure & steam temperature before
expansion
 b) pressure & steam temperature of the
medium in to which steam flows
 VELOCITY AT THE NOZZLE
1. In convergent nozzle steam expands to a
critical pressure -Pcr
2. Pcr for dry saturated steams -0.577 times
3. Pcr for super heated steam -0.546 of the initial
steam pressure .
4. Maximum velocity of steam obtained in the
nozzle at critical pressure is called critical
velocity
 1. DIVERGENT NOZZLE
1. The divergent nozzle devised by G.de Laval
Swedish Engineer.
2. This nozzle made it possible to expand steam to
any desired pressure and to obtain super critical
velocity.
3. The Laval nozzle can utilize any pressure drops,
thus allowing full conversion of the potential
energy of these drops in to kinetic energy
 IMPULSE TURBINE
1. The steam acquires velocity due to its expansion
from the initial to final pressure in the stationary
nozzle.
2. The velocity thus obtained is utilized for rotating
the turbine disc mounted on the turbine shaft.
3. The turbine in which the steam expands only in
the stationary nozzle are called impulse turbine
and their operating principle is also called impulse
principal.
 PRESSURE COMPOUNDING
IMPULSE TURBINE
1. Pressure of steam expanding in the nozzle drops
from P0 to P1 while its velocity rises from V0 to V1.
2. The steam with velocity V1 flows on to the moving
blades where it used the part of it’s kinetic energy to
impart rotation to the turbine disc and accelerate it to
an angular velocity u. The velocity drops here from
V1 to V2.
3. It is more economical if V2 is less, the larger
proportion of kinetic energy of steam is converted into
mechanical work.
 CURTIS WHEEL TURBINE
 The most wide spread type of turbine
nowadays is the turbine with one curtis wheel
in the high pressure section absorbing 25 to
30 percent of the total heat drop.
 In adjacent to the curtis wheel number of
pressure stages are located.
 It is the best economy so that a
comparatively a small turbine can have a
sufficiently high efficiency.
 REACTION TURBINE
 In reaction turbine the steam is expanded in both
stationary and moving blades
 The guide blade passage the steam expands partly
and acquire certain velocity. Entering the moving blade
passage the steam changes the direction and creates
pressure P impulse on the concave surface of the
moving blade
 While flows onto the passage between the moving
plates again steam velocity rises due to pressure drop.
This velocity creates a reaction force P reaction.
 If we add the forces P imp and P reac. as vectors a
resultant force P resultant will be obtained.
Impulse &
Reaction
turbines
 TURBINE
CONSTRUCTION
FEATURES
By
Er. A . GANESAN , B.E.,
Executive Engineer
Turbine Maintenance
Tuticorin Thermal Power
Station
BEARINGS & PEDESTALS
210MW LMW DESIGN TURBINE
 The Turbine is condensing, tandem compound three
cylinders, horizontal, disc and diaphragm type with
nozzle governing& regenerative feed water heating.
The double flow LP turbine incorporates a multi
exhaust in each flow.
 The complete turbine assembly is mounted on
pedestals and sole plates, which are designed to
ensure that the components are free to expand whilst
correct alignment is maintained under all conditions.
 ERECTION OF TURBINE
 COMPLETE TURBINE IS MOUNTED
ON
FOUNDATIOFRAMES,PEDESTALS &
THE SOLE PLATES WITH AXIAL
KEYS SO AS TO FACILITATE THE
EXPANSION
 BEARING PEDESTALS INSTALLED
ON FOUNDATION PLATE
 FOUNDATION PLATE PLACED ON
SOLID REINFORCED CONCRETE
AND LEVELLED HORIZONTALLY BY
MEANS OF WEDGES PLACED
 CONSTRUCTION
 The H.P & I.P rotors are connected by rigid
coupling and have a common bearing.
 The rotors of I.P & L.P are connected by semi
flexible coupling.
 The three rotors are supported on 5 bearings.
The common bearing of H.P & I.P rotors is a
combined journal & radial thrust bearing.
 The anchor point of the turbine is located at the
middle foundation fame of the front exhaust part
of the L.P cylinder. The turbine expands towards
the front bearing by 32mm and towards
generator by 3mm in steady state operation at
full load.
 FRONT BEARING PEDESTAL
SUPPORT
 The front end bearing pedestal houses
1. A journal bearing
2. The main oil pump
3. Most of the governing system elements
 The pedestal is held transversely in the sole plate by
axial guide key fitted along the axis of the turbine at the
sliding surface between pedestal and sole plate.
 Any tendency for the pedestal to lift is prevented by
four inverted ‘L’ shaped clamps two on either side of
the pedestal.
 MIDDLE BEARING PEDESTAL
SUPPORT
 The pedestal rests on a sole plate secured to
the foundation block.
 The transverse movement is restricted by key
guiding axial movement.
 Any tendency for the pedestal to lift is prevented
by three inverted ‘L’ shaped clamps, two on right
side & one on left side of the pedestal.
 HIGH PRESSURE CYLINDER
SUPPORTS
 The Outlet end of the High Pressure cylinder is
supported on the front bearing pedestal and the inlet
and is supported on the middle bearing
 Four lugs, two at the inlet end and two at the outlet end
are cast integral with of the cylinder flange at the
horizontal joint. These lugs rest transverse which are
secured to the pedestal.
 To maintain correct alignment for vertical expansion,
vertical keys are provided b/w cylinder and pedestals
 ‘L’ shaped clamp are provided to prevent the supportinf
lugs to any tendency for lifting.
 INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE
CYLINDER SUPPORT
 Four lugs, two at the inlet end and two at the
outlet end are cast integral with the bottom half
of IPC flange at the horizontal joint.
 The inlet end of the IPC rest on the transverse
keys secured on the pads machined on the rear
end of the middle pedestal.
 The exhaust end is supported in the transverse
keys secured to low pressure cylinder bottom
half.
 LOW PRESSURE CYLINDER
SUPPORT
 The low pressure cylinder is supported on six
foundation frames positioned around bottom halves of
exhaust casing.
 The foundation frames and the bottom halves of
exhaust part of LPC are jointed by special bolts with
spherical washers.
 The clearance between the bolt head and spherical
washers allows for free expansion of the LP casing.
 The anchor points of the turbine are located at the rear
end of front exhaust part with two transverse keys.
 CONSTRUCTIONS OF STEAM
TURBINE
 Following are the main components of the steam turbine
 1. Cylinders or casings
 2. Rotors
 3.Emergency stop valves and control valves
 4.Liners and Diaphragms
 5.Blades
 6.Bearings
 7.Sealings
 8.Barring Gear
 9.Governing and Protection System
 10.Turbine Supervisory System.
 TTPS-UNITS I,II,III –LMW TURBINE
RUSSIAN DESIGN
 LMW-Lenin grade Metal Works
TURBINE
STATIONARY PART MOVING PART

ROTOR or
CASING SET OF MOVING BLADES

LINERS
DIAPHRAGM or
SET OF FIXED BLADES
CASING INTERNALS (STATIONARY)
 CASING IN 2 HALVES [TOP &
BOTTOM] PARTING PLANE
STUDS & CAPNUTS
PROVIDED AND ASSEMBLED
 LINERS PLACED INSIDE THE
CASING(TOP & BOTTOM)
 DIAPHRAGMS or FIXED
BLADES SET FIXED INSIDE
THE LINERS (TOP & BOTTOM)
CASING INTERNALS (STATIONARY)
 HP CASING- Made of creep
resisting Cr-Mo-V steel casting .
Having 3 Liners , 11- Diaphragms
& I-stage – Nozzle Box
 IP CASING- Front made of Cr-Mo-
V steel . Rear made of fabricated
steel.3-Liners,10-Diaphragms &
I-Stage – Nozzle Box
 LP CASING- Made of welded mild
steel. Having 6 Diaphragms with
6 Liners. Both ends Last
Diaphragms directly on casing
 LMW TURBINE CONSISTS OF
 THREE CYLINDERS
 HIGH PRESSURE CYLINDER:
HAVING 12 STAGES-STEAM ENTRY AT FRONT
 INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE CYLINDER:
HAVING 11 STAGES-STEAM ENTRY AT FRONT
 LOW PRESSURE CYLINDER:
HAVING 8 STAGES (4+4)
STEAM ENTRY AT MIDDLE
LMW STEAM TURBINE
 CASING OR CYLINDERS
 Usually casings are of two designs
 A. single shell casing
 B. Double shell casing
 Single shell casing, take pressure drop from steam
pressure to exit pressure in a single shell and hence
required thick wall and heavy flanges at parting plane.
 Multi shell casings, the pressure drop is shared by two
shells resulting in thinner walls and lighter flanges in
parting plane.
CASING(BOTTOM HALF)
 HIGH PRESSURE CASING
• The HP casing is made of creep resisting chromium –
Molybdenum –Vanadium (Cr-Mo-V) steel casting.
• The top & bottom halves of the casing are secured
together at the flange joint by heat tightened studs to
ensure an effective seal against steam leakages.
• Four steam chests, two on top and two on sides are
welded to the nozzle boxes, which in turn welded to the
casing.
• The HP turbine comprises of 12 stages, the first stage
being governing stage.
INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE CASING
• It is made of two parts. The front part is made of creep
resisting chromium –Molybdenum –Vanadium (Cr-Mo-
V) steel casting and exhaust part is steel fabricated
structures. The two part of connected by a vertical joint.
Each part consist of two halves having a horizontal
joint.
• The four control valves of I.P. turbine are mounted on
the casing itself.
• I.P. Turbine has 11 stages, and 1st stage nozzle boxes
are cast integral with the casting.
 LOW PRESSURE CASING
• The L.P. casing consist of 3 parts. One middle part and two
exhaust part & they are fabricated from weldable mild steel.
• The casings are divided in the horizontal plane through the
turbine centre line.
• The lower half of the L.P. casing has integral bearing pedestals
which houses the following.
1. Rear bearing of I.P. rotor
2. Coupling between I.P & L.P rotor
3. LP front & rear bearings
4. Generator coupling
5. Generator bearing
6. Barring gear
• Steam enters the middle casing from top and then divides into
two equal, axially opposed flow, to pass through four stages.
• The last but one stages on each side are ‘Baumann’s Stages’.
They expand a part of the steam down to the condenser
pressure and allows rest of the steam to expand through the last
 ROTORS
 There are two types of rotors used in large
turbine.
 The built up rotor also called disc rotor
consisting of a forged steel shaft on which
separate forged steel disc are shrunk and
keyed.
 The integral rotor in which the wheels and the
shaft are formed from one solid forge.
 The drum rotors are used in reaction turbine.
ROTOR
 HP ROTOR
• Machined from
single Cr-Mo-V
Steel forging with
integral discs
• Blades fitted with
‘T’ root fasteners
 IP ROTOR
• 7 DISCS INTEGRALLY FORGED
MADE OF Cr-Mo-V STEEL
FORGING
• 4 DISCS SHRUNK FIT MADE OF
HIGH STRENGTH NICKEL STEEL
FORGING
• THE BLADES ON THE INTEGRAL
DISC FITTED WITH ‘T’ ROOT &
SHRUNK FIT DISCS WITH FORK
ROOT FASTENERS
• LACING WIRES PROVIDED FOR
20TH AND 23rd STAGES.
 LP ROTOR
• ALL ARE SHRUNK FIT DISCS. THE
SHAFT IS MADE OF Cr-Mo-V FORGING
STEEL. THE DISCS ARE MADE OF HIGH
STRENGTH NICKEL STEEL FORGING.
• LACING WIRES PROVIDED FOR ALL
STAGES
• IN LAST 2 STAGES ON BOTH ENDS,
(26,27,30,31) TO AVOID WET STEAM
EROSION, STELLITE STRIPS
 BLADES
• Blades are of three types
• 1. Cylindrical blade (constant profile)
• 2. Tapered cylindrical (Tapered but constant
profile)
• 3. Twisted blades (twisted and varying profile).
• The three parts of blade a. Aerofoil, b. Root,
c. Shroud.
 LINERS AND DIAPHRAGMS
• In impulse turbine most of the pressure drop of a stage
takes in guide blades resulting higher deflection of
guide blades.
• Additional bending strength to guide blades is provided
by diaphragms.
• 2 to 4 diaphragms are housed in a liner which in turn
housed in the turbine casing.
• Liner in the casing provide chamber for bleed steam
and save casing from higher speed steam erosion.
 DIAPHRAGMS AND LINERS
• The HP diaphragms are housed in liners which are interim
located in the grooves of the casing.
• The diaphragm are of welded construction.
• The liners are made of Cr-Mo-V steel castings and are in two
halves connected at the horizontal joint.
• All diaphragm designed from minimum deflection, are divided at
the horizontal joint.
• Diaphragm from 14th to 22nd stages are of welded construction.
23rd stage diaphragm is machined from high cast iron castings
with cast in guide blades.
• LP diaphragms are machined from high grade cast iron castings
with cast in blades of low carbon stainless steel.
ROTOR & DIAPHRAGM ASSEMBLY
 BEARINGS
 Journal bearings are used in two halves and
usually consist bearing body faced with anti
friction tin based babbiting to decrease
coefficient of friction.
 The crushed bearing is usually Mitchel type and
is combined with a journal bearing, housed in
spherically machined steel shell.
 BEARINGS
BRG SIZE TYPE
No.• mm
1 Ǿ300 JOURNAL BEARINGS

2 Ǿ330 RADIAL THRUST TURBINE GENERATOR

3 Ǿ360 JOURNAL 5 BEARINGS 2 BEARINGS
4 Ǿ435 JOURNAL
5 Ǿ435 JOURNAL
6 Ǿ400 JOURNAL
7 Ǿ400 SPHERICAL
COUPLINGS
 SEALINGS
 Sealings and turbine casings are provided to
check steam leakage from HP and IP turbines
and air leakage in the LP turbine.
 Sealing of turbines are usually multi labyrinth
type which provide maximum amount of
throttling effect in a given axial length.
 GLAND PACKING SYSTEM
• TO ARREST THE STEAM LEAK
THROUGH THE ROTOR SHAFT’S
FRONT & REAR ENDS, GLAND
PACKING SYSTEM USED
• MECHANICAL LABRINTH SEALS
PROVIDED
• SEALS CREATED PRESSURE
DROP THROUGH SET OF SEALS
• INNER GLAND LEAK STEAM
GOES TO GC-2
• OUTER GLAND LEAK STEAM
GOES TO GC-1
• GLAND SEAL STEAM SUPPLIED
BETWEEN INNER & OUTER
GLANDS SO THAT NO STEAM
ESCAPE AFTER THE OUTER
GLAND
 BARRING GEAR
 Baring gear rotates the turbine at slow speed
when the turbine is being started or shut down.
 It is allowing the turbine rotor for uniform heating
or cooling to avoid any distortion of rotor.
 It has the facility of automatic engaging and
disengaging arrangement.
 GOVERNING AND PROTECTION
SYSTEM
 Governing system is provided on utility steam turbine
to maintain rated speeds at all the loads.
 It is to provide predetermined load sharing among the
turbines operating the grid.
 Anticipatory governing is provided to arrest transient
speed rise within the safe limit during heavy load
rejections.
 Protection system trips the turbine by stopping steam
supply to it in abnormal conditions faced during
operation of the turbine.
 TURBINE SUPERVISORY SYSTEM
 Turbine supervisory instrumentation is provided
for indicating/recording of important parameters
like HPT-DE, IPT-DE, LPT-DE, HPT-OE, IPT-
OE, axial shift, eccentricity, vibrations, valve
position and stresses in major components.
 This system is hooked up with indicators and
suitable alarms and tripping mechanism for
cautioning the operators.
 TURBINE SUPERVISORY SYSTEM
A complex rotating machine like steam
turbine needs very close monitoring and
supervision of certain physical
phenomenon which it undergoes during
various stages of operation like
 Start up.
 Loading
 Load changes
&
 Coasting down
 THE PARAMETERS UNDER
SUPERVISORY CONTROL
 Speed of turbine rotor
 Axial shift of rotor
 Differential expansion of rotor & cylinder
 Shaft electricity
 Overall thermal expansion
 Control valve servomotor position
 Speeder gear position
 bearing vibrations
 SPEED OF TURBINE ROTOR
It is necessitated during start up till TG
set in synchronized.
This system provides
 Local digital indication of the turbine
speed.
 Remove digital indication of the
turbine speed
 SENSING ARRAGEMENT
The speed detector consists of
 Slotted disc with 60 radial slots
&
 Magnetic probe mounted facing the
slots
Slotted disc is mounted is front of MOP
and behind the speed generator.
 AXIAL SHIFT OF ROTOR
This system indicates the position of the
thrust collar with respect to the working
pads.
The indications determine the position
of rotor collar with respect to thrust
pads and extent of wear of thrust pads if
any
Permissible range
 This service provides
 Commend signal for initializing turbine trip,
generator breaker opening and vacuum
breaking in the event of axial shift exceeding
permissible values in either direction.
 Remote display of axial shift.
 Potential free contacts for energizing
annunciation system when axial shift exceeds
the limits.
 Continuous recording of actual value.
THE PROBE ARRANGEMENT
This system uses the contact less variable
inductance principle for measurement of axial
shift.
A transducer is mounted with designed air
gaps between the rotor collar.
As the axial shift taken place the air gap
between rotor collar and transducer face
gets altered and the inductance of two coils.
Measurement range – 2.00mm to +1.5mm
 DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION
OF ROTOR AND CYLINDER
This system monitors the differential
expansion of
 HP Turbine
 IP Turbine
 LP Turbine
at any instant initiate the alarms when
the parameter exceed its permissible
limits
 The service provides
 Remote display of actual value of the
differential expansion of HPT, IPT and
LPT .
 Continuous recording in a recorder.
 Annunciation in case of impermissible
values.
 PROBE ARRANGEMENT
This system uses the contact less detectors of
variable inductance principle measurement of
differential expansion.
Incase there is any relative movement between the
rotor collar and transducer face the air gap gets
altered and thereby changing the inductance of the
magnetic circuit in the two coils.
A transducer with designed air gaps is mounted
between the rotor collar in
Front pedestal – for HPT DE
Bearing No.3 – for IPT DE
Bearing No.5 – for LPT DE
 MEASUREMENT
RANGE
HPT Differential expansion
- 2.00mm +5.00mm
IPT Differential expansion
- 3.500mm + 4.0mm
LPT Differential expansion
- 3.50mm to +5.5mm
 SHAFT ECCENTRICITY
Eccentricity monitoring system enables the
operating personnel to keep a constant watch
over the
Rotor deflection during
 Starting up
 Steady stable
&
 Changed conditions of operation of turbine
 The service provides

 Remote display of actual value

 Continuous recording of
Eccentricity
 PROBE ARRANGEMENT
A reluctance type detector having active and
passive detector coil is mounted inside the middle
bearing pedestal
Both the elements of detectors are connected in
an initially unbalanced bridge configuration
excited by 10V, 1953HZ power supply
The rotation of the shaft alters the air gap
between the detector face and shaft collar. The
alternation of magnetic reluctance is a function of
change in the air gap.
The change in the air gap is depend on shaft bow
(Eccentricity ) and relative shaft vibration.

SAILENT FEATURES
As both the coils active and passive are in the same
location, the environmental effect in the bearing pedestal
do not affect the output of the coils.
 Since the alterations in air gap are being picked up by the
amplitude modulated high frequency 1953HZ signals, any
secondary influence due to shaft rotational speed and its
harmonics are practically eliminated.
 The vibration of air gap is a combination of shaft bow as
well as the relative vibration of shaft with respect to the
bearing. At barring gear speed the shaft vibrations are
negligibly small and therefore the output from this
measurement system is a true indication of shaft
Eccentricity
 Measurement range 0 – 50mm
CONTROL VALVE SERVOMOTOR
POSITION
The control valve servomotor position
is continuously monitored and
displayed while the recording is
effected only after synchronization.
The monitoring of this parameter
enables to assess the actual opening
of the valves at various stages.
 This service provider
Remote display of actual
value
Continuous recording of the
parameter after
synchronization.
 PROBE ARRANGEMENT
 The detector consists of a wire wound potentiometer. The slider
shaft is supported by a bull bearing and is coupled with the
servomotor stem through mechanical linkage and gear train.
 The potentio metric circuit is excited by 12V stabilized DC
supply and the variable output is converted to 0 – 1 V by voltage
converter and fed to the digital panel.
 Measurement range 0 – 300mm
 However readings at rated speed indicate the combined effect
of shaft bow and shaft vibrations
 The continuous recording of the shaft eccentricity system can
be discontinued after the synchronization of the set as the
readings do not reflect the eccentricity only.
Measurement range 0 to 500microns
 OVERALL THERMAL
EXPANSION
Total Thermal expansions of turbine
are measured at the
Front bearing pedestal
&
Middle bearing pedestal
 This service provides
Remote display of actual
value
Continuous recording of the
parameter.
Local indicator
PROBE ARRANGEMENT
The detectors are indicating type and are
located on the sole plates of bearing
pedestals. The linear motion of the casing
is converted to the rotary motion through a
suitable rack and pinion arrangement.
The sensing element for remote indication is
a wore wound rotary potentio meter.
 SPEEDER GEAR
POSITION
Speeder gear position is continuously
displayed in the control room for enabling
the operator to operate the turbine
manually from remote
This service provider
 Remote display of actual value
 Additional analogue output for any other
purpose.
 PROBE
ARRANGEMENT
The detector consists of wire wound
potentiometer . The slider shaft is supported by
a ball bearing and coupled with the load/ speed
control pilot spool through a gear train.
The potentiometer circuit is excited by 12V
stabilized DC supply and the variable output is
converted by analogue /digital converter and fed
to the digital panel meter.
Measurement range – 0 – 36mm
 BEARING VIBRATION
Bearing vibration is one of the most vital
parameter to be monitored in the turbine
during running condition.
Excessive vibration may load to
mechanical failure of the turbine
components and so calls for extremely
reliable monitoring system.
The measurement is made on the bearing
 This system provides
 Remote analogue indication of the
parameter.
 Continuous recording of the
parameter sensed by different
detectors.
 Annunciation in case of impermissible
values.
 PROBE ARRANGEMENT
 The detector consists of two permanent magnets
rigidly fixed to the casing with coils arranged as
seismic mass. The two magnetic coil assemblies
are arranged to sense vibration in two mutually
perpendicular directions.
 The emf induced in the detector coil is proportional
to the relative velocity of the coil and magnet.
 Since the coil is stationary the induced emf is
directly proportional to the absolute value of
vibrational velocity of the unit carrying the detector.
 SAILENT FEATUIRES
 All vibration transducers are interchangeable both with respect to their
fixing dimensions and sensitivity.

 The two component transducers allow easy

mounting for manually perpendicular vibration
measurement.
 All the components of their system are very
rugged in construction and sensitive in
operation.
Measurement range 100micros for 10 to
 EMERGENCY STOP VALVES AND
CONTROL VALVES
• Turbines are equipped with emergency stop valves to
cut off steams apply and with control valves to
regulates steam supply.
• In case of reheat turbine Interceptor valves have been
provided.
• ESV’s are actuated by servo motor controlled by the
protection system. ESV remain either fully open or fully
close.
• Control valves are actuated by the governing system
through servo motors to regulate steam supply as
required by the load.
ANY QUESTION ?

• ASK YOUR DOUBT TO

CLEAR IT.

• MAKE ME THINK TO FIND

AN ANSWER.

140
 SESSION ENDS.
THANK YOU ALL

FOR

KIND LISTENING

A. GANESAN
EE/TM/TTPS

141