Basic Training Programme

on
Welding
Mukesh Mishra
Topics
1. Introduction 1. Introduction
2. Welding Processes Welding is a Process of joining two materials
3. Welding Position & Joints
parmenently,
4. SMAW Process
5. SAW Process • with or with out using heat,
6. Main variables effect • with or without applying pressure,
7. Welding defects
• with or without using filler Materials.
8. Welding Consumables
9. Flux Management
10. Welding Procedure and
performance qualification
11. Remainder
Topics
1. Introduction
2. Welding Processes 2. Welding Processes
3. Welding Position & Joints
4. SMAW Process
5. SAW Process
6. Main variables effect
7. Welding defects
8. Welding Consumables
9. Flux Management
10. Welding Procedure and
performance qualification
11. Remainder
2. Welding Processes

SAW
Increasing deposition rate

High productivity
Flat position
MIG / MAG
(GMAW)
Productivity
Manual Easy automation
MMA Versatile
(SMAW)
TIG
(GTAW)
High speed
Laser Accurate
(LBW) Quality
2. Welding Processes
SMAW (Shielded metal Arc welding process)
+ Versatile
+ All kind of preparation
+ All positions
- Low deposition rate

GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc welding process)

+ High quality
+ All positions
- Very low deposition rate
2. Welding Processes
GMAW / FCAW - (Outer shield)
+ All positions
+ Good deposition rate
-Need shielding gas
-Spatter

FCAW (Flux Cored Arc welding process)- (Inner

shield)
+ All positions
+ Typical for outdoor job
+ Good deposition rate
- Narrow operating range
2. Welding Processes
SAW (Submerged Arc welding process)
+ High deposition rate
+ Very reliable
+ High quality welds
+ Deep penetration
+Environmental/ergonomic impact (no fumes or radiation)
- Only in flat position (and 2G with specific installation)
Topics
1. Introduction
2. Welding Processes
3. Welding Position & Joints 3. Welding Position & Joints
4. SMAW Process
5. SAW Process
6. Main variables effect
7. Welding defects
8. Welding Consumables
9. Flux Management
10. Welding Procedure and
performance qualification
11. Remainder
3.Welding Position & Joints
It is importance because of
• The welder’s skill and qualifications are to large extent
determined by the welding position
• The electrode manufacturer needs to define the
positions for which their electrodes are suitable.
3.Welding Position & Joints
Basic Joint Types

butt

lap
tee

corner
edge
3.Welding Position & Joints
Single V Groove angle 
Groove weld

Root face
Root gap

Double V
Groove weld

Groove angle

Single U Root radius

Groove weld

Root gap Root face

3.Welding Position & Joints

1G

3G

2G
4G
3.Welding Position & Joints

1G 2G

5G 6G

45°
3.Welding Position & Joints
Topics
1. Introduction
2. Welding Processes
3. Welding Position & Joints
4. SMAW Process 4. SMAW Process
5. SAW Process
6. Main variables effect
7. Welding defects
8. Welding Consumables
9. Flux Management
10. Welding Procedure and
performance qualification
11. Remainder
4.Shielded Metal Arc welding Process
4.Shielded Metal Arc welding Process
4.Shielded Metal Arc welding Process

AWS classification of SMAW Electrodes

E7018
• E – Electrode
• 70 – 70,000 Psi Tensile Strength
• 1 – Welding Position (Flat)
• 8 – Flux Coating and Current Conditions
4.Shielded Metal Arc welding Process
Flux Coating
4.Shielded Metal Arc welding Process
Flux Coating
4.Shielded Metal Arc welding Process
Types of Flux Coating
• CELLULOSIC
• BASIC
• BASIC HIGH EFFICIENCY
• RUTILE
• RUTILE HEAVY COATING
• ACID
• ACID RUTILE
• OXYDISING
• OTHERS
Topics
1. Introduction
2. Welding Processes
3. Welding Position & Joints
4. SMAW Process
5. SAW Process 5. SAW Process
6. Main variables effect
7. Welding defects
8. Welding Consumables
9. Flux Management
10. Welding Procedure and
performance qualification
11. Remainder
5.Submerged Arc Welding
Control box

Wire

Flux hopper

Power source

Cables Welding head

5.Submerged Arc Welding

• How SAW works

Wire

Air Solid slag

Flux
Molten slag
Arc

Solid weld metal

Molten pool of electrode,

flux and base metal
5.Submerged Arc Welding
• Inside welding process As the arc is completely covered by the flux
layer, heat loss is extremely low. This produces
a thermal efficiency as high as 60% (compared
with 25% for manual metal arc).

There is no visible arc light, welding is spatter-

free and there is no need for fume extraction
Operating characteristics

SAW is usually operated as a fully-

mechanised or automatic process, but it can
be semi-automatic.
Welding parameters: current, arc voltage and
travel speed all affect bead shape, depth of
penetration and chemical composition of the
deposited weld metal.
Because the operator cannot see the weld
pool, greater reliance must be placed on
parameter settings.
5.Submerged Arc Welding
• Outside Welding Process

Process features
SAW involves formation of an arc between a
continuously-fed bare wire electrode and the
work piece.

The process uses a flux to generate protective

gases and slag, and to add alloying elements
to the weld pool. thin layer of flux powder is
placed on the workpiece surface.

excess flux is recycled via a hopper.

Remaining fused slag layers can be easily
removed after welding.
5.Submerged Arc Welding
AWS Classification of SAW Electrodes
EM12K
• E – Electrode
• M – Medium Manganese
• 12 – 0.12% Carbon Content
• K - Killed Steel
5.Submerged Arc Welding

AWS Classification of SAW Flux

F8A4
• F – Flux
• 8 – 80,000 Psi Tensile Strength
• A – As welded Condition
• 4 – It gives Impact Strength min 27J when
tested at -40 deg. celsius
Topics
1. Introduction
2. Welding Processes
3. Welding Position & Joints
4. SMAW Process
5. SAW Process
6. Main variables effect 6. Main variables & Effect
7. Welding defects
8. Welding Consumables
9. Flux Management
10. Welding Procedure and
performance qualification
11. Remainder
6.Main Variables & Effect

• Arc Current • Polarity

• Arc Voltage • Wire Diameter

• Heat Input • Stick-Out

• Flux height • Wire Spacing

• Wire Type • Welding Speed

6.Main Variables & Effect
Arc Current:

• Can be Alternating Current (AC)

• Direct Current (DC) positive (DCEP)

(electrode is positive with respect to the work piece)

• Direct Current (DC) negative. (DCEN)

6.Main Variables & Effect

• DCEP gives higher penetration and lower rates of

weld metal.
• DCEP is the correct polarity for pipe welding,
where the requirement is for deep penetration into the
joint.
• DCEP current up leads to metal and heat input up
and penetration up.
• DCEN gives higher deposit rates and lower
penetration.
• AC gives adequate penetration (Can be used where
a DC arc could give rise to burn through).
6.Main Variables & effect
The Polarity :
•AC Most resistant to arc blow
Greater penetration

• DC + Better resistance to porosity

Smother weld

Higher deposition rate +30%

Less penetration
• DC -
To get a similar bead shape,
increase the voltage by 4 V
6.Main Variables effect
The Polarity :
 b

Better wetting
DC + DC -

1/3 2/3
2/3 1/3
DC + Greater penetration DC -

• DC - applications : Hard surfacing

Fillet weld
Filling
6.Main Variables & Effect
The welding current :
Deeper penetration
• Increasing I Higher current density
Higher WFS
Higher deposition rate
Erratic arc

• Too much I Undercut

High narrow bead
6.Main Variables & Effect

1/3 1/2 2/3

2/3 1/2 1/3

DC + AC DC -

Deposition rate +15% +30%

6.Main Variables & Effect
Voltage : Longer arc length
Little change only in the penetration
Wider bead
• Increasing U Higher flux consumption
Less burn through

U U U

L1 L2 L3
6.Main Variables & Effect
Voltage :

• Too much U Undercut

Increase magnetic blow
susceptibility
Be careful with active flux
(over alloying with Mn and Si)

•When you increase the travel speed, the

voltage have to be as low as possible
6.Main Variables & Effect
Heat Input:

• The heat of any arc is calculated by multiplying current and

voltage (For DC or AC the RMS value is used) (In SAW the
efficiency is assumed to be 1).
• The sum of products of the individual arcs is used to
determine the heat input to the bead.
• This sum is divided by the welding speed to provide an
indication of heat per unit length.
6.Main Variables & Effect
The Flux height :
• The Flux height :
• Just enough to cover the arc light

Flashes
Wire and • Height too low
Porosity
contact tip
Suppression of the arc
Narrow bead
Flux • Height too deep
Poor slag removal

• The Flux height :

• For single wire and Twin Arc
• 20 to 35 mm
ESO
•For Tandem or multi arcs
Flux • 30 to 50 mm
height
6.Main Variables & Effect
Wire diameter :
Less penetration at a given current
Arc more difficult to start
Less burn through risk at low current (poor fit up)
• Increasing D
Higher acceptable welding current

D1 D2

P1 P2

Same welding current

6.Main Variables & Effect
Electrical Stick Out :
•For single wire, tandem, or multi arcs applications
• ESO = 20 to 30 mm
•This length have to be defined regarding
Welding current
Wire and
Wire diameter
contact tip
Travel speed
Weld pool size
Flux
•Examples : small weld pool ESO = 20mm or less
•large weld pool ESO = 30 mm or more

ESO
Flux
height
6.Main Variables & Effect
Wire Spacing I:

• Can increase or decrease the heat into the weld (The

effect can be seen underneath (ID) or inside (OD)
the pipe).

• Widening the spacing between the 1st and 2nd arc

can be useful in controlling the tendency to burn
through on thin wall.
An increase of 2-3mm can make a noticeable
reduction to the heat observed underneath the pipe
(Changing from bright orange to red).
6.Main Variables & Effect
Wire Spacing II:

• Closing the distance between the 1st and 2nd arc can
increase penetration (It brings the arcs to a position where
they are acting almost as a single heat source).

• As the weld pool cools due to the lower heat from

successive wires, it’s viscosity changes and it becomes
more difficult for the slag (or even gas) to escape.
Reducing the spacing for the 3rd wire can help improve the
situation
6.Main Variables & Effect
Welding Speed:
• The heat input is an inverse function of the welding speed
•Less penetration
•Smaller bead
increasing the WS •Decrease the wetting
•increase tendency to :
undercut
arc blow sensitivity
porosity
uneven bead shape
6.Main Variables & Effect
Welding Speed:
•Excessively slow speeds produce
•“Hat-shaped” bead that is subject to
cracking
•Flash through
•Large molten pool giving rough
bead, spatter and slag inclusions
•Less penetration
6.Main Variables & Effect
Cracks problem:
• Too much voltage or too slow travel speed

“Hat-shaped” bead

Concave bead
6.Main Variables & Effect
The travel speed :
• Electrode angle and penetration

P0 P1

3 to 5 °
V V

P2 P3
Topics
1. Introduction
2. Welding Processes
3. Welding Position & Joints
4. SMAW Process
5. SAW Process
6. Main variables effect
7. Welding defects 7. Welding defects
8. Welding Consumables
9. Flux Management
10. Welding Procedure and
performance qualification
11. Remainder
7.Welding defects

• Porosity :
•Causes:
•Poor steel (high sulfur content)
•Organic contamination - oil
•Rusty joint or wire ( moisture bond in the rust)
•Contaminants in the flux (moisture, dirt and “mil scale)
•Electrode contamination under unusual storage
•Insufficient flux
•Tack welds
•Arc blow
•Trapped flux
7.Welding defects
Cracks:
•causes:
•Bead shape (see the “hat shaped” bead and the W / D
ratio)
•Steel analysis (see after)
•Hydrogen content of the weld metal (see after)
•Mechanical stress (see after)
•Arc blow
•Admixture
•Improper procedure (solidification cracking)
•Movement of joint
7.Welding defects
Slag:

a) Poor (convex) weld bead profile resulted in pockets of slag being

trapped between the weld runs
•Causes
•The slag becomes trapped in the weld when two adjacent weld beads are deposited
with inadequate overlap and a void is formed. When the next layer is deposited, the
entrapped slag is not melted out.

•As slag is the residue of the flux coating in MMA welding, it is principally a deoxidation
product from the reaction between the flux, air and surface oxide.

•Slag may also become entrapped in cavities in multi-pass welds through excessive
undercut in the weld toe or the uneven surface profile of the preceding weld runs,
7.Welding defects
Lack of fusion:

•Lack of side wall fusion •Lack of inter-run fusion

•Causes
•The principal causes are too narrow a joint preparation,
• incorrect welding parameter settings,
• poor welder technique and magnetic arc blow.
•Insufficient cleaning of oily or scaled surfaces can also contribute to lack of
fusion.
•These types of imperfection are more likely to happen when welding in the
vertical position.
7. Welding Defects
Lack of penetration:

Causes
• Low current,
• High welding speed,
• Low voltage,
• Poor welding technique
7. Welding Defects
Undercut:
Causes
• High welding speed,
• Improper electrode angle,
• High welding current,
• Improper manipulation of electrodes
7. Welding defects
Weld Reinforcement:

Correct Excess Under

reinforcement reinforcement reinforcement
Minimum cost High cost
Good joint strength Poor joint strength Poor joint strength
Topics
1. Introduction
2. Welding Processes
3. Welding Position & Joints
4. SMAW Process
5. SAW Process
6. Main variables effect
7. Welding defects
8. Welding Consumables 8.Welding consumables
9. Flux Management
10. Welding Procedure and
performance qualification
11. Remainder
8.Welding consumables
• SAW is a combination of two consumables.
• It can be confusing, and result of that is a lack of
confidence in your product.
8.Welding consumables
How to choose the proper filler metal ?
Flux choice will be driven by :
Base metal (stainless/non or low alloy)
•Single pass or multiple passes (non and low
alloyed steels only)
•Mechanical properties (impacts)
•Dedicated to one job or “universal “ product in
the workshop (optimisation)
8.Welding consumables
Flux Normally Used in Pipe Industries:
Multipass & / or single pass:
995N = Specific application with LNS 140TB
P223 = Good impact and because of his slag freezing
point and viscosity very good in spiral pipe mills

960 = Slow speed, large puddles, impact @ 20°C.

Plates thickness from 25mm and up
980 = Impact @-0°C, good with contaminated plates.
Welding speed can be higher than 960 . Thin
gauge plates
8.Welding consumables
Electrode Normally Used in Pipe Industries:
•Single, Multiple or Combination of these
- LNS 140TB
- EM12K
- EA2 (S2Mo)
8.Welding consumables
•Non & low alloyed steels:

1)Single pass / two run :

What is it ?

Two different kind of application

High tech :2 passes (pipes)
Low tech : one or 2 passes (sound weld at low cost)
8.Welding consumables

Basicity of flux :

Basi. Index Melting range

• Acid <0,9 1100°c /1300°c
• Neutral 0,9<BI<1,2 1300°c/ 1500°c
• Basic 1,2<BI<2 >1500°c
• Highly basic <2 >1500°c
8.Welding consumables
Why not a fully basic flux for “high quality “ in single or
two run technique ?
Topics
1. Introduction
2. Welding Processes
3. Welding Position & Joints
4. SMAW Process
5. SAW Process
6. Main variables effect
7. Welding defects
8. Welding Consumables
9. Flux Management 9. Flux Management
10. Welding Procedure and
performance qualification
11. Remainder
9.Requirement
Why flux management is important?

• Flux shields weld from outside atmosphere

• Facilitates welding, covers arc
• Flux is made of materials which produce slag of
specific viscosity which allows entrapped gases to
come out but provides effective shielding
• Hygroscopic in nature, absorbs moisture
• Melts due to weld arc, gets converted to slag, rises to
top
• If contaminated with foreign materials, can produce
weld defects
9.Requirement

• Bake for 3500C, hold at 80-1000C

• Baking cycle 2 hours, holding time till issue
Data:
• Flux name / number
• Each bag contains 25 kg
• Cost
• Consumption per meter of welding
Administration:
• 2 ovens ID, 2 ovens OD
• 4 welding stations for ID, 4 for OD
9.Administration-ID welding station

• 2 ovens
• Each oven has 7 trays
• Fresh flux & recycled flux within closed loop is used
• Unique system for handling is used
• System comprises of hoppers, holding tanks, dry air
inlet, recovery
• Temperature for holding can be set
9.Administration-Operating procedure
• Oven is loaded with trays filled for 2” height
• Oven is set for 3500C
• Time of loading is recorded
• Batch number is recorded
• After 3500C temperature is reached, time is
recorded
• Flux is held for 2 hours
• After 2 hours, time is recorded &
1. Either flux is removed & fed to hopper or
2. Temperature is reduced to 80-1000C
• Unloading time is recorded
• Next loading starts
9.Administration-OD welding station

• 2 ovens
• Each oven has 7 trays
• collected by suction, fed to feeding tank
Administration-Operating
procedure

• Oven is loaded with trays filled for 2” height

• Oven is set for 3500C
• Time of loading is recorded
• Batch number is recorded
• After 3500C temperature is reached, time is
recorded
Administration-Operating
procedure

• Flux is held for 2 hours

• After 2 hours, time is recorded &
Either flux is removed & fed to hopper or
Temperature is reduced to 800C
• Unloading time is recorded
• Next loading starts
Recycling

• Recycling is done to reduce cost without

effecting quality
• All foreign material to be separated
• This is ensured by sieving, passing thru
separators
• Collected & re-baked
Precaution

• Over baking of flux is harmful

Responsibility

• Shift :
• Welding engineer
• 2 for ID oven, 2 for OD oven , 4 for recycling of
used flux
Topics
1. Introduction
2. Welding Processes
3. Welding Position & Joints
4. SMAW Process
5. SAW Process
6. Main variables effect
7. Welding defects
8. Welding Consumables 10. Welding Procedure
9. Flux Management
10. Welding Procedure and and Performance
performance qualification
11. Remainder Qualification
Edge Preparation - Need
Poor penetration
Poor access at root
Poor strength

Good penetration
Good access at root
Good joint strength
 Basic Joint Types

butt

lap
tee

corner
edge
 Applicable Welds for Butt
joint
Square Groove weld V Groove weld

Bevel Groove weld U Groove weld

J Groove weld
Applicable Welds for Butt joint

Double V Groove Double Bevel Groove

weld weld

Double U Groove Double J Groove

weld weld
Butt joint
Single V Groove angle 
Groove weld

Root face
Root gap

Double V
Groove weld

Groove angle

Single U Root radius

Groove weld

Root gap Root face

Weld Reinforcement

Correct Excess Under

reinforcement reinforcement reinforcement
Minimum cost High cost
Good joint Poor joint Poor joint
strength strength strength
Butt joint – Complete Joint penetration

Weld from face

Backing weld from root
side side

Back Back gouging from face

gouging side

Back weld Weld from face

side
Welding Position – Groove

1G

3G

2G
4G
Welding Position – Groove

1G 2G

5G 6G

45°
 Dilution
Area A

Area B

Dilution is the amount of base metal present in the weld metal

and given by (Area B / (Area A + Area B))
Dilution depends on the welding process and heat input.
High dilution alters the chemical composition of weld metal
Weld Metal Requirements

• Matching strength with the parent metal

• Good notch toughness at the operating temperature
• Corrosion resistance
• Creep resistance for elevated temperature application
• Resistance to wear, erosion etc
Filler Metal Selection

• Mechanical / chemical properties required

Welding process
• Type of electrode, current, power range
• Metal to be joined and its thickness
• Weld joint design and welding position
• Shop or Field weld / surface condition
• Number of passes / amount of weld metal
Welding Procedure Specification

•Itis a written document that provides direction to

the welder for making production welds in
accordance with code requirements.
•Any WPS must be qualified by the manufacturer.
•WPS specifies the condition (ranges) under which
welding must be performed called variables.
•WPS addresses essential, supplementary essential
and non essential variables
Purpose of WPS Qualification

•Todetermine that the weldment is capable of

providing the required properties for the intended
application.

•WPS establishes the properties of the weldment and

not the skill of the welder.
Procedure Qualification

•PQR is a record of welding data to weld a test

coupon. It also contains test results.
•Completed PQR shall document all essential
variables including ranges.
•PQR to be certified accurate and shall not be
subcontracted.
•If more than one process is employed then weld
deposit thickness for
each process and filler metal to be recorded.
Base Metal Classification

•Basemetals classified into various P Nos depending

on composition, weldability & mechanical properties.

• P1 - P11 Steel
• P21 - P25 Al alloys etc.

•Group nos. within P nos classify metals for

procedure qualification where notch toughness
requirements are specified.
Filler Metal Classification
•FNumbers are based on usability characteristics i.e ability of
welders to make satisfactory welds with given filler
e.g. F1 - E XX20, F2 - E XX12, F3 - E
XX10, F4 - E XX18 etc.

•A Numbers are based on chemical composition

e.g. A1 - Mild steel A2 - C - Mo steel etc.
WPS for SMAW
Essential variables

•Change in qualified Thickness

•Change in P no
•Change in F no of filler metal
•Change in A no of filler metal
•Change in deposited metal thickness
•Decrease of more than 100° F in preheat
•Change in PWHT
Procedure Qualification Thickness
limits
T (mm) Range of T max t Tests

<1.6 T - 2T 2t 2T, 2 FB, 2 RB

1.6 – 10 1.6 - 2T 2t -do-
10 - 19 4.8 - 2T 2t -do-
19 - 38 4.8 - 2T 2t if t<19 2T, 4 SB
2T if t>19
>38 4.8 - 203 2t if t<19 -do-
203 if t>19
Welding Performance Qualification

•The performance qualification tests are intended to

determine the ability of welders to make sound
welds
•A welder is qualified by radiography of a test
coupon or by radiography of initial production
welding or by bend tests taken from a test coupon
Welding Performance Qualification

Variables for SMAW

•Removal of backing
•Change in Pipe diameter
•Change in P number
•Change in F Number
•Change in thickness of weld deposit
•Change in welding position
•Change in vertical welding
Welding Performance Qualification

Thk (mm) Max tk of dep. Metal Test

<13 2t 1FB, 1RB
>13 Max to be welded 2SB

OD of test coupon Range of OD qualified

<25 Size welded - unlimited
25 - 71 25 - unlimited
> 71 71 - unlimited
Topics
1. Introduction
2. Welding Processes
3. Welding Position & Joints
4. SMAW Process
5. SAW Process
6. Main variables effect
7. Welding defects
8. Welding Consumables
9. Flux Management
10. Welding Procedure and
performance qualification
11. Remainder

11.Reminder
11.Reminder
Possibilities for Welding-Seam Monitoring by
Personnel in Submerged-Arc Welding Plants

A) Visual Assessment of the Pipe to be Final-Welded

• One prerequisite for a high-quality submerged-arc welding seam is

proper preparation of the inside and outside seam area.

•The seam area must be free from rust and scale.

•It is imperative that the surface is free from oil, grease and water.
• The tack-welded seam must be uniform.
• Both the strip edges must have the same contour from the miller.

•If these points are not complied with, this results in contamination of the
welding seam
by slag and pores and in irregularities in the arc and thus poorer seam
geometry and
penetration notches.
11.Reminder
B) Checking of Specified Production Data

•In principle, every operator must convince himself at the start of the shift
that the production data specified for the order in question (current
intensity, voltage, welding speed and welding-wire position) has been set
correctly.

•If welding-seam faults are found as a result of the micrographs or non-

destructive testing or if there are any irregularities in the production
sequence which have a negative influence on the welding seam, then the
production data must be checked immediately, including checking of the
welding-wire feed and of the flux supply.
11.Reminder

C) Observation of Production Sequence

• Attention must always be paid to the constancy of the measuring-

instrument displays for the electrical welding data.
•The regularity and temperature of glowing-through during the welding
process must be observed.
• The flux feed must be adequate, regular and symmetrical to the centre
of the seam.
• Constant wire discharge is shown by steady welding data, uniform
glowing through and a stable position of the inside arm.
• Surrounding influences, such as shocks to the installations as a result of
pipe transport, sticking of control elements, wearing of parts of the
installation, jerking of the pipe etc., must be observed and eliminated
immediately.
11.Reminder
D) External Assessment of Welding Seam
• External inspection and measurement of the seam is often sufficient to
provide information about the quality of the welding seam. It is thus
possible to assess the regularity and dimensions (height and width) of the
seam shape. In most cases, impermissible faults, such as notches,
external pores, seam protuberances, seam offset
and seam interruptions, are obvious.

E) Metallographic Micrograph Assessment

• The metallographic micrograph of the submerged-arc welding seam
primarily serves to assess the seam geometry, the seam shape and the
heat influence in the seam area. It also enables information to be given
about the purity of the welding seam and about the material properties.

• During ongoing operational testing, the following data is determined

and registered on the basis of the micrographs: excess seam height,
seam width, seam offset, width / transition zone, penetration figure and
normalization. If faults are included in the welding deposit or in the base
material, special marking is applied.
THANK YOU
Dharmendra chouhan