Professional Documents
Culture Documents
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 1
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: s 1 and s 2 Known
Interval Estimation of m 1 – m 2
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 – m 2
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 2
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sampling Distribution of x1 x2
Expected Value
E ( x1 x2 ) m1 m 2
s12 s 22
s x1 x2
n1 n2
H 0 : m1 m2 D0 H 0 : m1 m2 D0 H 0 : m1 m2 D0
H a : m1 m2 D0 H a : m1 m2 D0 H a : m1 m2 D0
Left-tailed Right-tailed Two-tailed
Test Statistic
( x1 x2 ) D0
z
s 12 s 22
n1 n2
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 4
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Known
Example: Par, Inc.
Can we conclude, using a = .01, that the
mean driving distance of Par, Inc. golf balls is
greater than the mean driving distance of Rap, Ltd.
golf balls?
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 5
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Known
p –Value and Critical Value Approaches
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 6
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Known
p –Value and Critical Value Approaches
( x1 x2 ) D0
z
s 12 s 22
n1 n2
(235 218) 0 17
z 6.49
(15)2 (20)2 2.62
120 80
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 7
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Known
p –Value Approach
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 8
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Known
Critical Value Approach
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 10
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Interval Estimation of m1 - m2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
When s 1 and s 2 are unknown, we will:
• use the sample standard deviations s1 and s2
as estimates of s 1 and s 2 , and
• replace za/2 with ta/2.
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 11
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Interval Estimation of m1 - m2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
Interval Estimate
s12 s22
x1 x2 ta / 2
n1 n2
1 2
df n1 n2
2 2
1 s1 2
1 s2
2
n1 1 n1 n2 1 n2
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 12
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Difference Between Two Population Means:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
Example: Specific Motors
Specific Motors of Detroit has developed a new
Automobile known as the M car. 24 M cars and 28 J
cars (from Japan) were road tested to compare miles-
per-gallon (mpg) performance. The sample statistics
are shown on the next slide.
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 13
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Difference Between Two Population Means:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
Example: Specific Motors
Sample #1 Sample #2
M Cars J Cars
24 cars 28 cars Sample Size
29.8 mpg 27.3 mpg Sample Mean
2.56 mpg 1.81 mpg Sample Std. Dev.
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 14
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Difference Between Two Population Means:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
Example: Specific Motors
Let us develop a 90% confidence interval estimate
of the difference between the mpg performances of
the two models of automobile.
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 15
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Point Estimate of m 1 m 2
Point estimate of m1 m2 = x1 x2
= 29.8 - 27.3
= 2.5 mpg
where:
m1 = mean miles-per-gallon for the
population of M cars
m2 = mean miles-per-gallon for the
population of J cars
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 16
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Interval Estimation of m 1 m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
The degrees of freedom for ta/2 are:
2
(2.56) (1.81)
2 2
df 24 28 24.07 24
2 2
1 (2.56) 2 1 (1.81) 2
24 1 24 28 1 28
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 17
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Interval Estimation of m 1 m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 18
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
Hypotheses
H0 : m1 m2 D0 H0 : m1 m2 D0 H0 : m1 m2 D0
H a : m1 m2 D0 H a : m1 m2 D0 H a : m1 m2 D0
Left-tailed Right-tailed Two-tailed
Where the degrees of freedom for ta/2 are:
Test Statistic
2
s s 2 2
( x1 x2 ) D0
1 2
t n1 n2
s12 s22 df 2 2
1 s1 2
1 s2
2
n1 n2
n1 1 n1 n2 1 n2
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 19
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
Example: Specific Motors
Can we conclude, using a .05 level of significance,
that the miles-per-gallon (mpg) performance of M cars
is greater than the miles-per-gallon performance of J
cars?
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 20
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
p –Value and Critical Value Approaches
1. Develop the hypotheses.
H0: m1 - m2 < 0
Ha: m1 - m2 > 0
where:
m1 = mean mpg for the population of M cars
m2 = mean mpg for the population of J cars
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 21
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
p –Value and Critical Value Approaches
2. Specify the level of significance. a = .05
( x1 x2 ) D0 (29.8 27.3) 0
t 4.003
2 2 2 2
s s (2.56) (1.81)
1
2
n1 n2 24 28
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 22
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
p –Value Approach
4. Compute the p –value.
The degrees of freedom for ta are:
2
(2.56) (1.81) 2 2
df 24 28 40.566 41
2 2
1 (2.56) 2 1 (1.81) 2
24 1 24 28 1 28
Because t = 4.003 > t.005 = 1.683, the p–value < .005.
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 23
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
p –Value Approach
5. Determine whether to reject H0.
Because p–value < a = .05, we reject H0.
We are at least 95% confident that the miles-per-
gallon (mpg) performance of M cars is greater than
the miles-per-gallon performance of J cars?.
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 24
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
Critical Value Approach
4. Determine the critical value and rejection rule.
For a = .05 and df = 41, t.05 = 1.683
Reject H0 if t > 1.683
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 25
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: Matched Samples
With a matched-sample design each sampled item
provides a pair of data values.
This design often leads to a smaller sampling error
than the independent-sample design because
variation between sampled items is eliminated as a
source of sampling error.
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 26
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: Matched Samples
Example: Express Deliveries
A Chicago-based firm has documents that must
be quickly distributed to district offices throughout
the U.S. The firm must decide between two delivery
services, UPX (United Parcel Express) and INTEX
(International Express), to transport its documents.
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 27
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: Matched Samples
Example: Express Deliveries
In testing the delivery times of the two services,
the firm sent two reports to a random sample of its
district offices with one report carried by UPX and
the other report carried by INTEX. Do the data on
the next slide indicate a difference in mean delivery
times for the two services? Use a .05 level of
significance.
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 28
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: Matched Samples
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 30
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: Matched Samples
p –Value and Critical Value Approaches
2. Specify the level of significance. a = .05
di ( 7 6... 5)
d 2. 7
n 10
( di d )
2
76.1
sd 2. 9
n 1 9
d md 2.7 0
t 2.94
sd n 2.9 10
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 31
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: Matched Samples
p –Value Approach
4. Compute the p –value.
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 32
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: Matched Samples
Critical Value Approach
4. Determine the critical value and rejection rule.
© 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
Slide 33
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.