COMPUTER INTEGRATED

MANUFACTURING (CIM)
CAD/CAM/CAE
DEFINATION

The Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME) defined CIM

as ‘CIM is the integration of the total manufacturing enterprise

through the use of integrated systems and data communications

coupled with new managerial philosophies which results in the

improvement of personnel or organizational efficiencies.

INTRODUCTION

Manufacturing can be considered in three broad areas:

(i) continuous process production,

(ii) mass production, and
(iii) job-shop production.

Among these three, mass production and job-shop production

can be categorized as discrete- item production.
INTRODUCTION

Continuous Process Production

• Such type of product flows continuously in the
manufacturing system, e.g. petroleum, cement, steel rolling,
petrochemical and paper production etc.

• Equipment used here are only applicable for small group of

similar products.
INTRODUCTION

Mass Production

• It includes the production of discrete unit at very high rate of

speed.

• Discrete item production is used for goods such as

automobiles, refrigerators, televisions, electronic
component and so on.
INTRODUCTION

Job Shop Production

• A manufacturing facility that produces a large number of
different discrete items and requires different sequences
among the production equipments is called job shop.
• Scheduling and routine problems are the essential features
of job shop.
• So automation is been restricted to individual component of
job shop.
INTRODUCTION

• Continuous flow process cannot be automated fully as it only

consists of a small percentage of manufacturing system.

• Mass production of discrete items is included in this

category, where segments of production line are largely
automated but not the entire line.

• Job shop facilities have used automated machines, but

transfer of work among these machines is a difficult task.
INTRODUCTION

• Major component of the automated information that needs to

be made available to the manufacturing operation must
come from product design.

• This allows a plant to be automated and integrated.

• However, manufacturing is more concerned with process

design rather than product design.
INTRODUCTION

• The characteristic of
present world market
include
• higher competition
• short product life
cycle
• greater product
diversity
• fragmented market
• Variety
• Complexity
• smaller batch sizes

to satisfy a variety of
customer profile.
INTRODUCTION
• Furthermore, non price factors such as quality of product
design, innovation and delivery services are the preliminary
determinant for the success of product.

• In today‟s global arena, to achieve these requirements

manufacturing company needs to be flexible, adaptable and
responsive to changes and be able to produce a variety of
products in short time and at lower cost.

• These issues attract manufacturing industries to search for

some advanced technology, which can overcome these
difficulties.

• Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM), which emerged

in 1970, was the outcome of this search.
INTRODUCTION

• CIM involves a fundamental strategy of integrating

manufacturing facilities and systems in an enterprise through
the computer and its peripheral.
• CIM can be defined in different ways depending upon its
application.
• CIM involves integration of advanced technologies in various
functional units of an enterprise, in an effective manner to
achieve the success of the manufacturing industries.
• A deep knowledge and understanding of all the technology is
required for an effective integration.
INTRODUCTION

• At first integration of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT)

is required to get success in the application of CIM.
• Computers act as a subordinate to the technologies.
• Computers help, organize, and restore information in order to
achieve high accuracy and speed.
• Their basic aim is to achieve the goals of the objectives within
limited available capital.
• Traditionally, all the efforts were focused on achieving single
goal to improve the effectiveness and competitiveness of the
organization.
INTRODUCTION

• But they failed because they didn‟t satisfy the overall objectives

of the manufacturing companies.

• So, a multiple goal selection was proposed to make the CIM an

effective tool to improve the economy of the company.

• This new approach should improve the existing multi-criteria

optimization mechanism, so that CIM can be realized globally.

• In addition, global integration approach should be applied to

make globally distributed company as a single entity.

INTRODUCTION

• This concept is applied to make virtual CIM more effective and

hence helps in meeting the present global economic

circumstances using intelligent manufacturing.

• Therefore, manufacturing technology should be blended with

intelligence.

• This will help manufacturing enterprise to produce better quality.

• It will also facilitate the manufacturing equipment to solve

problems posed during normal course of the operations.

INTRODUCTION

• CIM basically involves the integration of advanced

technologies such as CAD, CAM, CNC, robots, AMHS.
• Today CIM has moved a step ahead by including and
integrating the business improvement activities such as
customer satisfaction, total quality and continuous
improvement.
• These activities are now managed by computers.
• Business and marketing teams continuously give the customer
feedback to the design and production teams by using the
networking systems.
INTRODUCTION

• Based on the customer requirements, design and

manufacturing teams can immediately improve the existing

product design or can develop an entirely new product.

• Thus, the use of computers and automation technologies

made the manufacturing industry capable to provide rapid

response to the changing needs of customers.

INTRODUCTION

• CIM encompasses the entire range of product development

and manufacturing activities.

• And all the functions are being carried out with the help of

dedicated software packages.

• The data required for various functions are passed from one

application software to another in a seamless manner.

INTRODUCTION

• For example, the product data created during design is

transferred from the modeling software to manufacturing

software without any loss of data.

• CIM uses a common database and communication

technologies to integrate design, manufacturing and

associated business functions that combine the automated

segments of a factory or a manufacturing facility.

INTRODUCTION

• CIM reduces the human component of manufacturing and

thereby relieves the process of its slow, expensive and error-

prone component.

• CIM stands for a holistic and methodological approach to the

activities of the manufacturing enterprise in order to achieve

vast improvement in its performance.

INTRODUCTION

• This methodological approach is applied to all activities

from the design of the product to customer support in an
integrated way, using various methods, means and
techniques in order to achieve production improvement,
cost reduction, fulfillment of scheduled delivery dates,
quality improvement and total flexibility in the manufacturing
system.
• CIM requires all those associated with a company to involve
totally in the process of product development and
manufacture.
INTRODUCTION

• CIM also encompasses the whole lot of enabling

technologies including total quality management, business

process reengineering, concurrent engineering, workflow

automation, enterprise resource planning and flexible

manufacturing.

• A distinct feature of manufacturing today is mass

customization.
INTRODUCTION

• This implies that though the products are manufactured in

large quantities, products must incorporate customer-specific
changes to satisfy the diverse requirements of the
customers.

• This requires extremely high flexibility in the manufacturing

system.
INTRODUCTION

• The challenge before the

manufacturing engineers is
illustrated in Fig.

• Manufacturing industries
strive to reduce the cost of
the product continuously to
remain competitive in the
face of global competition.

• In addition, there is the need

to improve the quality and
performance levels on a
continuing basis.
INTRODUCTION

• Another important requirement

is on time delivery.

• In the context of global

outsourcing and long supply
chains cutting across several
international borders, the task
of continuously reducing
delivery times is really a
difficult task.

• CIM has several software tools

to address the above needs.
INTRODUCTION

• Manufacturing engineers are required to achieve the

following objectives to be competitive in a global context.
• Reduction in inventory
• Lower the cost of the product
• Reduce waste
• Improve quality
• Increase flexibility in manufacturing to achieve
immediate and rapid response to:
• Product changes
• Production changes
• Process change
• Equipment change
• Change of personnel
• CIM technology is an enabling technology to meet the
above challenges to the manufacturing.
EVOLUTION OF CIM
• CIM is considered a natural evolution of the technology of
CAD/CAM which by itself evolved by the integration of CAD
and CAM.

• MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA) is credited

with pioneering the development in both CAD and CAM.

• The need to meet the design and manufacturing requirements

of aerospace industries after the Second World War
necessitated the development of these technologies.
EVOLUTION OF CIM

• The manufacturing technology available during late 40's and

early 50's could not meet the design and manufacturing

challenges arising out of the need to develop sophisticated

aircraft and satellite launch vehicles.

• This prompted the US Air Force to approach MIT to develop

suitable control systems, drives and programming techniques

for machine tools using electronic control.

EVOLUTION OF CIM

• 1950’s
• The first major innovation in machine control is the Numerical
Control (NC), demonstrated at MIT in 1952.
• Early NC Systems were all basically hardwired systems, since
these were built with discrete systems
• Early NC machines used paper tape as an input medium.
• Every NC machine was fitted with a tape reader to read paper
tape and transfer the program to the memory of the machine
tool block by block.
EVOLUTION OF CIM

• 1960’s
• Mainframe computers were used to control a group of NC
machines by mid 60's.
• It was then called as DNC as the computer bypassed the tape
reader to transfer the program data to the machine controller.
• By late 60's mini computers were being commonly used to
control NC machines.
• At this stage NC became truly soft wired with the facilities of
mass program storage, offline editing and software logic control
and processing.
• This development is called Computer Numerical Control (CNC).
EVOLUTION OF CIM

• 1970’s
• Since 70's, NC’s are being designed around microprocessors,
resulting in compact CNC systems.
• A further development to this technology is the distributed
numerical control (also called DNC) in which processing of NC
program is carried out in different computers operating at
different hierarchical levels -
• typically from mainframe host computers to plant computers
to the machine controller.
• Today CNCs are built around 32 bit and 64 bit microprocessors.
EVOLUTION OF CIM

• Late1970’s
• Manufacturing engineers also started using computers for such
tasks like inventory control, demand forecasting, PPC etc.
• CNC technology was adapted in the development of CMMs
which automated inspection.
• Robots were introduced to automate several tasks like machine
loading, materials handling, welding, painting and assembly.
• These developments led to the evolution of FMC and FMS in
late 70's.
EVOLUTION OF CIM

• Evolution of CAD, on the other hand was to cater to the

geometric modeling needs of automobile and aeronautical
industries.
• The developments in computers, design workstations, graphic
cards, display devices and graphic input and output devices
during the last ten years have been phenomenal.
• This coupled with the development of operating system with
graphic user interfaces and user friendly software packages for
modeling, drafting, analysis and optimization provides the
necessary tools to automate the design process.
EVOLUTION OF CIM

• CAD in fact owes its development to the APT language project

at MIT in early 50's.
• Several clones of APT were introduced in 80's to automatically
develop NC codes from the geometric model of the component.

• Today anyone can model, draft, analyze, simulate, modify,

optimize and create the NC code to manufacture a component
and simulate the machining operation sitting at a computer
workstation.
EVOLUTION OF CIM

• If we review the manufacturing scenario during 80's we will find

that the manufacturing is characterized by a few islands of

automation.

• In the case of design, the task is well automated.

• In the case of manufacture, CNC machines, DNC systems,

FMC, FMS etc provide tightly controlled automation systems.

EVOLUTION OF CIM

• Similarly computer control has been implemented in several

areas like manufacturing resource planning, accounting, sales,

• marketing and purchase.

• Yet the full potential of computerization could not be obtained

unless all the segments of manufacturing are integrated,

permitting the transfer of data across various functional

modules.
EVOLUTION OF CIM

• This realization led to the concept of computer integrated

manufacturing.

• Thus the implementation of CIM required the development of

whole lot of computer technologies related to hardware and
software.
BENEFITS OF CIM

CIM plays a vital role in the economy of the manufacturing system

or enterprise.
The benefits of CIM are indicated as follows:

(i) Products quality improvement.

(ii) Shorter time in launching new product in the market.

(iii) Flow time minimized.

(iv) Inventory level reduced.

(v) Competitiveness increases.

BENEFITS OF CIM
(vi) Improved scheduling performance.

(vii) Shorter vendor lead time.

(viii) Improved customer service.

(ix) Increase in flexibility and responsiveness.

(x) Total cost minimized.

(xi) Long term profitability increases.

(xii) Customers lead time minimized.

(xiii) Manufacturing productivity increases.

(xiv) Work in process inventory decreases.

CIM HARDWARE AND CIM SOFTWARE

• CIM Hardware comprises the following:

i. Manufacturing equipment such as
• CNC machines or computerized work centers,
• robotic work cells,
• DNC/FMS systems,
• work handling and tool handling devices,
• storage devices,
• sensors,
• shop floor data collection devices,
• inspection machines etc.
CIM HARDWARE AND CIM SOFTWARE

• CIM Hardware comprises the following:

ii. Drawing equipment such as
• Computers,
• controllers,
• CAD/CAM systems,
• workstations / terminals,
• data entry terminals,
• bar code readers,
• RFID tags, printers, plotters and other peripheral devices,
modems, cables, connectors etc.,
CIM HARDWARE AND CIM SOFTWARE
CIM software comprises computer programmes to carry out the

following functions:

• Analysis

• Business Process Engineering (redesign & analysis of existing work flow)

• Communications

• Device Drivers

• Database Management

• Finance

• Inventory Control
CIM HARDWARE AND CIM SOFTWARE
• Job Tracking

• Manufacturing Area Control

• Marketing

• Materials Handling

• Management Information System (MIS)

• Modeling and Design

• Monitoring

• Manufacturing Facilities Planning

CIM HARDWARE AND CIM SOFTWARE
• Network Management

• Order Entry

• Process Planning

• Production Control

• Quality Management

• Sales

• Shop Floor Data Collection

• Simulation

• Work Flow Automation

NATURE AND ROLE OF THE ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM

Nine major elements of a CIM system are shown in Figure.

• Marketing
• Product Design
• Planning
• Purchase
• Manufacturing Engineering
• Factory Automation Hardware
• Warehousing
• Finance
• Information Management
NATURE AND ROLE OF THE ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM
Marketing
Product Design
Planning
Purchase
Manufacturing Engineering
Factory Automation Hardware
Warehousing
Finance
Information Management
NATURE AND ROLE OF THE ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM
NATURE AND ROLE OF THE ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM

i. Marketing:

• The need for a product is identified by the marketing division.

• Marketing department decides

• Specifications of the product,

• Projection of manufacturing quantities

• Marketing strategy for the product.

• Marketing also works out the manufacturing costs to assess the

economic viability of the product.

NATURE AND ROLE OF THE ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM

ii. Product Design:

• Design department of the company establishes the initial

database for production of a proposed product.

• Product Design is accomplished through activities such as GM

and CAD while considering the product requirements and
concepts generated by the creativity of the design engineer.

• Configuration management (consistency) is an important activity in

many designs.
NATURE AND ROLE OF THE ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM
ii. Product Design:

• Complex designs are usually carried out by several teams

working simultaneously, located often in different parts of the
world.

• The design process is constrained by the costs that will be

incurred in actual production and by the capabilities of the
available production equipment and processes.

• The design process creates the database required to

manufacture the part.
NATURE AND ROLE OF THE ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM

iii. Planning:
• Input is : database established by the design department

• Process : enriches it with production data and information to

produce a plan for the production of the product.

• Constrain : The planning process should be constrained by the

production costs and by the production equipment and process
capability, in order to generate an optimized plan.
NATURE AND ROLE OF THE ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM

iii. Planning:
• Involves several subsystems: dealing with
• materials,
• facility,
• process,
• tools,
• manpower,
• capacity,
• scheduling,
• outsourcing,
• assembly, inspection, logistics etc.
NATURE AND ROLE OF THE ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM
iv. Purchase:
• The purchase departments is responsible for
• placing the purchase orders and follow up
• ensure quality in the procurement process
• receive the items
• arrange for inspection
• supply the items to the stores
• arrange timely delivery of items depending on the
production schedule for eventual supply to manufacture and
assembly.
NATURE AND ROLE OF THE ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM

v. Manufacturing Engineering:

• ME is the activity of carrying out the production of the product.

• ME further enrich the database with performance data and
information about the production equipment and processes.
• CIM requires activities like
• CNC programming,
• simulation
• computer aided scheduling of the production activity.
NATURE AND ROLE OF THE ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM

v. Manufacturing Engineering:

• ME include
• online dynamic scheduling and
• control based on the real time performance of the
equipment and processes
to assure continuous production activity.

• The need to meet fluctuating market demand requires the

manufacturing system to be flexible and agile.
NATURE AND ROLE OF THE ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM
vi. Factory Automation Hardware:

• Factory automation equipment further enriches the database

with equipment and process data to carry out the production
process.
• In CIM system this consists of computer controlled process
machinery such as
• CNC machine tools, flexible manufacturing systems (FMS),
Computer controlled robots, material handling systems
(MHS), computer controlled assembly systems, automated
inspection systems and so on.
NATURE AND ROLE OF THE ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM

vii. Warehousing:

• Warehousing is the function involving storage and retrieval of

raw materials, components, finished goods as well as shipment
of items.

• In today's complex outsourcing scenario and the need for

just-in-time supply of components and subsystems, logistics
and supply chain management assume great importance.
NATURE AND ROLE OF THE ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM

viii. Finance:

• Finance deals with the resources pertaining to money.

• Major tasks of the finance department are:

• Planning of investment,

• working capital, (Arrangement)

• cash flow control,

• realization of receipts,

• allocation of funds

• accounting
NATURE AND ROLE OF THE ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM

ix. Information Management:

• Information Management is the most crucial tasks in CIM.
• This involves:
• master production scheduling,
• database management,
• communication,
• manufacturing systems integration
• management information systems.
CIM WHEEL
CIM WHEEL
THE OUTER RING

• The common business administrative tasks related to CIM are

located on the outer ring of the wheel.
• They mainly form the connection of the company to the outside world
• Data processing applications can be found in the most diverse areas.
• Most software systems applied in these areas were originally
self-styled developments, which are increasingly being replaced with
commercial standard software packages.
• Currently this software is installed primarily on mainframes.
• Overlaps of its functionality exist mainly with the software of the PPC.
THE INNER RING

• On the inner ring of the wheel, the functions closely related to

the operational performance of the company are situated.

• Data processing applications of the development and design

area are computer aided design (CAD), simulations, analysis
programs such as the finite element method (FEM) as well as
drawing storage and management, for instance with the help of
GT.
THE INNER RING

• The types of data found in this area are diverse:

• drawings, technical specifications, and bills of material.
• In manufacturing companies, the data itself are often in
considerable disorder.
• Frequently there are several types of part numbers, more than
one group technology system, many kinds of bills of material, a
number of different CAD systems each having its own sort of
computer internal representation of geometric data, etc.
• The applied software rarely runs on the same hardware,
resulting also in a large number of different hardware systems.
THE INNER RING

• The second group is attributed to process planning and PPC.

• It comprises tasks such as routing generation, resource
planning, material requirements planning, capacity planning,
order distribution and supervision, but also the planning of
quality assurance.
• As in the common business administrative area, the software
packages-which at least are integrated within themselves-have
a modular structure and their single components can also be
bought and applied.
THE INNER RING

• Therefore a company rarely has purchased and installed all

modules of such a package, which in turn frequently results in
functional overlaps and data redundancy.
THE INNER RING

• Third group on the inner ring includes the automation of the

manufacturing installations.
• Examples are robots, NC machines, FMS and computer aided
measuring and testing methods.
• This area is characterized by the extreme heterogeneity of the
systems involved, the diversity of which being much more
pronounced than in the previously mentioned groups of
functions.
THE HUB

• At present within these groups of applications there are serious

hindrances with regard to integration.
• There are few suppliers covering all three sectors.
• Therefore little or nothing has been done by the suppliers with
regard to interfaces, not to mention the integration of the
various groups of applications.
• Information and communication management, represented by
the hub of the wheel which links everything, is intended to serve
as the information management and communication control
function between the single areas.
• It operates on a common, integrated database.
 BENEFITS OF CIM

Many of the firms that are currently using CIM have reported a
number of improvements including:

• 15-30 % reduction in engineering design cost,

• 30-60 % reduction in overall lead times,
• 40-70% gain in overall production,
• 200-500 % gain in quality
• 30-60 % reduction in working progress.
 OBJECTIVE OF CIM

• In the competitive business at globalization era, a company

faces many challenges from business world wide also
competitive from other company and its business strategies as
well.

• Therefore company should come out with a good planning and

strategy.

• Thus, with implementing CIM system at company several

things could be improved.
 OBJECTIVE OF CIM

• Simplify production processes, product design and factory

organisation, as these are vital foundation to automation and integration

• To reduce lead time, costs and inventory

• Automate production processes

• And automate business functions that support them with
computers, machines and robots.

• To coordinate and organize data effectively

 OBJECTIVE OF CIM

• To eliminate paper and the costs associated with its use

• To automate communication within a factory and increases its

speed

• To facilitate simultaneous engineering

• Integrate all, production and support processes using computer

networks, cross-functional business software and other information
technologies.
 DATABASE REQUIREMENTS FOR CIM

• Information is needed by mfg. company

• To carry a task needs certain amount of skill.
• E.g. machining of casting
• Machining data should be known
• If not known has to consult supervisor or handbook
• Handbook does not provide failure data

• Following information may be required

• Serial number of faulty part
• Scheduled maintenance of XY machine
• Company profit of last year
• Stress value of grey cast iron
• How many days ABC was absent
• What is approx cutting speed for machining of new
ceramic part?
 DATABASE REQUIREMENTS FOR CIM

• Product Design and Manufacturing process increasingly requires

access to substantial technical information in various stages like
• Design
• Analysis
• manufacturing.

• It also needs smooth co-ordination among the many functions

constituting an enterprise.

• Manufacturing organizations may waste a considerable portion of

their resources due to delayed or error prone communication from
one segment to another.

• It would therefore be desirable to have one single central

database that would contain all information.
 DATABASE REQUIREMENTS FOR CIM
The CIM database comprises basically following classes of data:
i. Product Data:
Data about parts to be manufactured
It includes text and geometry data

ii. Manufacturing / Production Data:

Information on how parts are to be manufactured

iii. Engineering Data:

Information on use of computer in analysis, inspection, testing

iv. Operational Data:

Describes the things specific to production:
lot size, schedule, assembly sequence etc.

v. Resource Data:
Describes resources involved in operations:
materials, machines, human resources and money.
DATABASE REQUIREMENTS FOR CIM

CIM Data Base

DATABASE REQUIREMENTS FOR CIM

• Product data:
• contain the description of the products
involved in the manufacturing process.
• The data may consist of graphic, text,
and numeric information.

• Production data:
• describe how the parts are to be
manufactured.

• Machines data:
• conventional & Non-Conventional
• Specification of machines

• Design data:
DATABASE REQUIREMENTS FOR CIM

• Design data:

• Depending on product complexity, shape may be

defined by any of the following methods

• CSG
• B-rep
• Wireframe modelling
• Parametric modelling
DATABASE REQUIREMENTS FOR CIM

• Manufacturing Data:

• Classified as :

• Permanent & temporary data

• Static and Dynamic data

• Computer compatible

• Data Source :

• Internal

• External
 DATABASE REQUIREMENTS FOR CIM

• Production Planning & control

• Shop floor control

• Order entry

• Purchasing

• Cost accounting
DATABASE REQUIREMENTS FOR CIM

• Materials

• Machines

• Human resources

• Money
 DATABASE REQUIREMENTS FOR CIM

• Computer aided design

• Computer aided analysis
• Computer aided programming
• Computer aided tool design
• Computer aided process planning
• Computer aided quality control
• Programmable controllers
• Computer aided inspection
• Computer aided testing
• Computer aided assembly
• Computer aided material handling
DATABASE REQUIREMENTS FOR CIM

Inspection of parts :
Incoming
Finished

Inventory :
Inprocess
Finished goods
Tools
Materials

ASRS:
 DATABASE REQUIREMENTS FOR CIM

Following is the list of varied tasks one might expect to accomplish in a

CIM environment.

i. Designing assemblies and performing tolerance analysis on those

assemblies.

ii. Preparing production drawings of assemblies, individual parts,

tooling, fixtures and other manufacturing facilities.

iii. Creating analytical models of parts for structural, kinematical and

thermal analysis (FEM).

iv. Calculating weights, volumes, centres of gravity and other mass

properties and costs of manufacturing (cost estimation).
 DATABASE REQUIREMENTS FOR CIM

v. Classifying existing parts according to shape, function, and the

process by which they are manufactured and retrieving these parts from
the parts library on demand (Group technology and coding).

vi. Preparing part lists and bill of materials (BOM).

vii. Preparing process plans for individual part manufacture and

assembly (Variant or Generative).

viii. Programming CNC machines for processing parts - CAM

 DATABASE REQUIREMENTS FOR CIM

ix. Designing work cells and programming the movement of

components in those cells using work handling devices like robots,
conveyors, AGV’s/ RGV’s, etc. (Cellular manufacture)

x. Controlling engineering changes and maintaining associativity

between design and manufacturing

xi. Preparing programs to handle components or manipulate production

equipment (like welding torches or robots)

xii. Preparing inspection programs including programs for CNC co-

ordinate measuring machines [CNC CMM’s]
 DATABASE REQUIREMENTS FOR CIM
DATA BASE

• A data base can be defined as a collection of data in a single location

designed to be used by different programmers for a variety of
applications.

• The term database denotes a common base of data collection

designed to be used by different programmers.

• More specifically it is a collection of logically related data stored

together in a set of files intended to serve one or more applications in
an optimal fashion.

• A database not only stores the data but also provides several ways to
view the data depending upon the needs of the user.
 DATABASE REQUIREMENTS FOR CIM

OBJECTIVES OF DATABASE
A database serves the following objectives:

• Reduce or eliminate redundant data

• Integrate existing data
• Provide security
• Share data among users
• Incorporate changes quickly and effectively
• Exercise effective control over data
• Simplify the method of using data
• Reduce the cost of storage and retrieval of data
• Improve accuracy and integrity of data
 DATABASE REQUIREMENTS FOR CIM

ISSUES OF CONCERN IN DATABASE

There are, of course, some issues to be considered while

implementing a database. These include:

• High investment in hardware and software

• Need to use larger and faster hardware
• Necessity to have highly trained manpower
• Redundancy to take care of eventualities like crash of the database
server.
• Need to ensure integrity and reliability of data
ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM
ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM

Computer-Aided Manufacturing Computer-aided manufacturing

(CAM) is defined as the effective use of computer technology in
manufacturing planning and control.

CAM is most closely associated with functions in manufacturing

engineering, such as process planning and numerical control (NC)
part programming.

CAM can be divided into two broad categories:

(1) manufacturing planning

(2) manufacturing control

 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM
a) Manufacturing Planning

• CAM applications for manufacturing planning are those in which

the computer is used indirectly to support the production function,
but there is no direct connection between the computer and the
process.
• The computer is used "off-line" to provide information for the
effective planning and management of production activities.

• The Manufacturing planning areas include:

• Computer-aided process planning (CAPP)
• Computer-assisted NC part programming
• Computerized machinability data systems.
• Development of work standards.
• Cost estimating,
• Production and inventory planning.
• Computer-aided line balancing.
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM
b) Manufacturing Control.
• The second category of CAM application is concerned with
developing computer systems to implement the manufacturing
control function.
• Manufacturing control is concerned with managing and
controlling the physical operations in the factory

• These management and control areas include:

• Process monitoring and control

• Quality control
• Shop floor control
• Inventory control
• Just-in-time production systems
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM
MANUFACTURING PLANNING
Computer-aided process planning (CAPP):
• Process planning is concerned with the preparation of route sheets
that list the sequence of operations and work centers required to
produce the product and its components.
• CAPP systems are available today to prepare these route sheets.

Computer-assisted NC part programming:

• For complex part geometries, CAPP represents a much more
efficient method of generating the control instructions for the
machine tool than manual part programming
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM
MANUFACTURING PLANNING
Computerized machinability data systems:
• One of the problems in operating a metal cutting machine tool
is determining the speeds and feeds that should be used to
machine a given work part.
• Computer programs have been written to recommend the
appropriate cutting conditions to use for different materials.
• The calculations are based on data that have been obtained
either in the factory or laboratory that relate tool life to cutting
conditions.
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM
MANUFACTURING PLANNING
Development of work standards.

• The time study department has the responsibility for setting time
standards on direct labor jobs performed in the factory.

• Establishing standards for direct time study can be a tedious and

time-consuming task.

• There are several computer packages for setting work standards.

• These computer programs use standard time data that have been
developed for basic work elements that comprise any manual task.
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM
MANUFACTURING PLANNING

Cost estimating:
• The task of estimating the cost of a new product has been
simplified by computerizing several of the key steps required to
prepare the estimate.

• The computer is programmed to apply the appropriate labor and

overhead rates to the sequence of planned operations for the
components of new products.

• The program then sums the individual component costs from the
engineering bill of materials to determine the overall product cost.
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM
MANUFACTURING PLANNING

Production and inventory planning:

• The computer has found widespread use in many of the
functions in production and inventory planning.

• These functions include:

• maintenance of inventory records
• automatic reordering of stock items when inventory is
depicted
• production scheduling
• maintaining current priorities for the different procurement
orders
• material requirements planning MRP
• capacity planning
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM
MANUFACTURING PLANNING

Computer-aided line balancing:

• Finding the best allocation of work elements among stations on an

assembly line is a large and difficult problem if the line is of
significant size.

• Computer programs have been developed to assist in the solution

of this problem
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM
MANUFACTURING CONTROL
Process monitoring and control:
• Process monitoring and control is concerned with observing and
regulating the production equipment and manufacturing processes
in the plant.
• The applications of computer process control are common today in
automated production systems.
• They include transfer lines, assembly systems, NC, robotic,
material handling and flexible manufacturing systems

Quality control:
• Quality control includes a variety of approaches to ensure the
highest possible quality levels to the manufactured product.
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM
MANUFACTURING CONTROL

• Shop floor control:

• Shop floor control refers to production management techniques for

collection of data from factory operations and using the data to
help control production and inventory of the factory.

• Inventory control:
• Inventory control is concerned with maintaining the most
appropriate levels of inventory in the face of two opposing
objectives:
• minimizing the investment and storage costs of holding
inventory
• maximizing service to customers
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM
MANUFACTURING CONTROL

Just-in-time production systems:

• The term just-in-time refers to a production system that is

organized to deliver exactly the right number of each component

to downstream workstations in the manufacturing sequence just at

the time when that component is needed.

• The term applies not only to production operations but to supplier

delivery operations as well.

 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM

CAD/CAM

• CAD/CAM is concerned with the engineering functions in both

design and manufacturing.

• Product design, engineering analysis, and documentation of the

design (e.g. drafting) represent engineering activities in design.

• Process planning, NC part programming, and other activities

associated with CAM represent engineering activities in
manufacturing.

• The CAD/CAM systems developed during the 1970s and early

1980s were designed primarily to address these types of
engineering problems.
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM

CAD/CAM

• In addition, CAM has evolved to include many other functions in

manufacturing, such as
• material requirements planning (MRP)
• production scheduling
• computer production monitoring
• computer process control.

• It should also be noted that CAD/CAM denotes an integration of

design and manufacturing activities by means of computer
systems.

• The method of manufacturing a product is a direct function of its

design.
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM

CAD/CAM

• With conventional procedures practiced for so many years in

industry, engineering drawings were prepared by design draftsmen
and later used by manufacturing engineers to develop the process
plan.

• The activities involved in designing the product were separated

from the activities associated with process planning.

• Essentially a two-step procedure was employed.

• This was time-consuming and involved duplication of effort by

design and manufacturing personnel.
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM

• Using CAD/CAM technology, it is possible to establish a direct

link between product design and manufacturing engineering.

• In effect, CAD/CAM is one of the enabling technologies for

concurrent engineering CE.

• It is the goal of CAD/CAM to

• automate certain phases of design and manufacturing
• and also to automate the transition from design to
manufacturing.
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM

• In the ideal CAD/CAM system, it is possible to convert the

design specification of the product it into a process plan
• This conversion is done automatically by the CAD/CAM system.

• As part of the process plan, the NC part program is generated

automatically by CAD/CAM.

• The CAD/CAM system downloads the NC program directly to the

machine tool by means of a telecommunications network.

• Thus in CAD/CAM, product design, NC programming, and

physical production are all implemented by computer.
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM

Computer Integrated Manufacturing

• CIM includes all the engineering functions of CAD/CAM, and

also includes the firm's business functions that are related to
manufacturing.

• The ideal CIM system applies computer and communications

technology to all of the operational functions and information
processing functions in manufacturing from 1) order receipt,
through 2) design and 3) production, to product 4) shipment.

• The scope of CIM, compared with the more limited scope of

CAD/CAM, is depicted in Figure.
ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM

The scope of CAD/CAM and ClM

 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM

• CIM concept:
• All firm's operations related to production are incorporated
in an integrated computer system to automate the operations.
• The computer system be pervasive throughout the firm,
touching all activities that support manufacturing.
• In this integrated computer system, the output of one activity
serves as the input to the next activity, through the chain of
events.
• Chain starts with the sales order and culminates with shipment
of the product.
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM
• The
components
of the
integrated
computer
system are
illustrated in
figure.

Computerized elements of a CIM system

 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM

• Customer orders are initially entered by the company's sales force

into a computerized order entry system.

• The orders contain the specifications describing the product.

• Specifications serve as the input to the product design department.

 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM

• New products are designed on a CAD system.

• Components that comprise the product are designed,

• the bill of materials BOM is compiled,
• and assembly drawings are prepared.

• Output of the design department serves as the input to

manufacturing engineering,

• where process planning. tool design, and similar activities are

accomplished to prepare for production.
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM

• Process planning is performed using CAPP.

• Tool and fixture design is done on a CAD system, making use of
the product model generated during product design.

• The output from manufacturing engineering provides the input to

production planning and control,
• where material requirements planning and scheduling are
performed using the computer system.
 ROLE OF CAD/CAM IN CIM

• And so it goes. through each step in the manufacturing cycle.

• Implementation of CIM results in the automation of the

information flow through every aspect of the company's

organization.
 OBSTACLES TO CIM

• Cost
• Time
• Technical skills of support staff
• Management commitment
• Nature of business
• Integration of components from different suppliers
• Data Integrity
• Process Control