COMMERCIAL

DISPOSAL FACILITIES
By :
Nikolas Nico Calvin Alexandro (12215036)
Bianca Edgina (12215042)
Dave Deraldy (12215075)
Siti Paizah (12217601)
OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Methods
1. Bioremediation
2. Salt Caverns
3. Injection
4. Thermal Treatment
• Cost
• Conclusion
 Introduction
In the United States, most exploration and production (E&P) wastes generated at
onshore oil and gas wells- contaminated soils, naturally occurring radioactive
material(NORM), oil based muds and cuttings, produced water, tank bottoms and
water-based muds and cuttings.
Methods
1. Bioremediation
 Bioremediation is a biological degradation of the
oil components by microorganism.
 Method : when bioremediation occurs, enzyms
produced by microorganisms will modify the
poisonous pollutant by changing its structure, this
is called biotransformation.
 Related Parameters :
- Type of microorganism (bacteria, fungus, plant)
- Environmental Condition (temperature, nutrient,
type of soil, pH, water content, redox potential)
1. Bioremediation
Improvement :
• Stimulation of microorganisms in the polluted area by adding nutrients, redox condition
setting, pH optimization.
• Inocculation of microorganisms with special biotransformation ability in polluted area
• Application of immobilized enzyms
Advantages :
• Relatively more eco-friendly
• Relatively cheaper in cost
• Flexible
Limitation : unable to degrade chlorinated organic compound and aromatic hydrocarbon in high
concentration
2. Salt Caverns
- Used for receiving waste for a disposal into a
solution-mined salt cavern
- Method: Inject the waste through the tubing
to the bottom of the cavern. Cavern pressure
must be monitored before it filled with the
waste
- Parameter: Type of oil field wastes for disposal
are most troublesome to dispose through
Class II injection wells because they contain
excessive levels of solids (drilling fluids, drilling
cuttings, completion, and stimulation waste)
2. Salt Caverns

- Rock Salt formations are suitable for the construction

because it remains stable over long periods without
support

- This disposal method can be applied if operated

carefullym closed properly, and monitored routinely
3. Injection
A process pumping liquids ( mainly produced water) into a well and injecting them into porous,
subsurface rock .
SPE 9580  Waste Water Treatment Facilities And Disposal Well Injection System

The reason for selecting these formations are:

• High injectivity (high permeability, high porosity) can be expected from the welldata of
adjacent area.
• Large areal extent, sufficient thickness and good continuity have been well known for
these formations in the Gulf area.
• The depth of the formations is rather shallow and easier drilling can be expected.

Advantages Injection is commersial cost for water-based muds and cuttings 0.5 $/bbl
4. Thermal treatment
• Use high temperatures to reclaim or
destroy hydrocarbon contaminated
material. It reduces the volume and
mobility of inorganics ( metals and
salts)
• Parameter : Operational Temperature
350 Celcius
• Improvement : If the temperature
becomes too high the lifetime of the
heating oil is shortened due to
decomposition and cracking
4. Thermal treatment
Thermomechanincal Cuttings Cleaner (TCC)
• The thermomechanical cuttings cleaner (TCC) unit is designed to
process oil contaminated drill cuttings.
• The technology is also available for other application areas than
drilling wastes, biological wastes and materials containing heavier
hydrocarbons.
• The TCC converts kinetic energy to thermal energy by creating
friction in the waste.
4. Thermal Treatment
Thermal Cracking
• Thermal cracking processes offer attractive methods of conversion of
heavy feedstocks because they enable low operating pressure, while
involving high operating temperature, without requiring expensive
catalysts
• Temperature range : 455 – 540 Celcius ( 850-1005 Fahrenheit)
• Operating pressure : 100 – 1000 psi
Conclusion
The most significant decision factors include actual disposal fees and transportation costs.
• Contamined soil disposal costs range from $1 to $22/bbl
• NORM disposal costs from $150 to $300 bbl
• Oil-based muds and cuttings disposal cost range from $2 to $40/bbl
• Produced water injection costs disposal cost range from $0.30 to $ 10.00/bbl
• Tank-bottom disposal costs range from $0.85 to $40/bbl
• Water-based muds and cutting disposal cost between $0.50 to $40/bbl
• Disposal costs vary significantly. The key parameters include the disposal methd, the host
state of the disposal operations, and the degree of competition in the area.
References
Puder, M. G., & Veil, J. A. (2007, December 1). Options, Methods, and Costs for
Offsite Commercial Disposal of Exploration and Production Wastes. Society of
Petroleum Engineers
SPE 36040, Disposal of Nonhazardous Oil Field Waste into Salt Caverns