Digital Modulation Technique

Presented By:
Amit Degada.
Teaching Assistant,
SV NIT, Surat.
Goal of Today’s Lecture

 Differential Phase Shift keying

 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
 Minimum Phase Shift Keying
 Introduction To Information Theory
 Information Measure
Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)

 Why We Require?
• To Have Non-coherent Detection
• That Makes Receiver Design
 How can we do?
• 0 may be used represent transition
• 1 indicate No Transition
 DPSK Transmitter

bK Product S(t)=AcCos(2Πfct)
dK
Encoder Modulator

dK-1
Delay Tb AcCos(2Πfct)

What Should We Do to make Encoder?

DPSK Transmitter…………Modified

bK Product S(t)=±AcCos(2Πfct)
Ex- NOR dK
Gate Modulator

dK-1
Delay Tb AcCos(2Πfct)
Differentially Encoded Sequence
Binary Data 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1

Differentially 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Encoded Data
Phase of DPSK 0 π 0 0 π 0 0 π 0 0 0

Shifted 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
Differentially
encoded Data
dk-1
Phase of 0 π 0 0 π 0 0 π 0 0
shifted Data
Phase - - + - - + - - + +
Comparision
Output
Detected 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Binary Seq.
DPSK Receiver
Goal of Today’s Lecture

 Differential Phase Shift keying

 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
 Minimum Phase Shift Keying
 Introduction To Information Theory
 Information Measure
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
(QPSK)

 Extension of Binary-PSK
 Spectrum Efficient Technique
 In M-ary Transmission it is Possible to Transmit M Possible
Signal

M = 2n
where,
n= no of Bits that we Combine

signaling Interval T= nTb

In QPSK n=2 === > So M =4

and
signaling Interval T= 2Tb
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
(QPSK)

 M=4 so we have possible signal are

00,01,10,11
 Or In Natural Coded Form 00,10,11,01
3 -135 Binary Dibit 00
s (t )  Ac cos(2 fct  )
4


 Ac cos(2 fct  ) -45 Binary Dibit 10
4

 Ac cos(2 fct  ) 45 Binary Dibit 11
4
3
 Ac cos(2 fct  )
4 135 Binary Dibit 01
QPSK Waveform

00 11 00 11 10 10
QPSK Signal Phase
Constellation Diagram
 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
(QPSK)

The QPSK Formula

s (t )  Ac cos(2 fct   (t )) ………………(1)

Where, ϕ(t)=135,45,-45,-135

Simplifying Equation 1

S (t )  Ac cos  (t ).cos(2 fct )  Ac sin  (t ) sin(2 fct )

This Gives the Idea about Transmitter design

QPSK Transmitter
QPSK Receiver
Synchronization Circuit
Goal of Today’s Lecture

 Differential Phase Shift keying

 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
 Minimum Phase Shift Keying
 Introduction To Information Theory
 Information Measure
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)

 In Binary FSK the Phase Continuity is

maintained at the transition Point. This
type of Modulated wave is referred as
Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying
(CPFSK)
 In MSK there is phase change equals to
one half Bit Rate when the bit Changes 0
to 1 and 1 to 0.
1
f 
2Tb
 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
Let’s take fc1 and fc2 represents binary 1 and 0 Respectively

fc1  fc 2 fc1  fc 2
fc1   Similarly
2 2

fc1  fc 2 fc1  fc 2
f fc 2  
 fc  2 2
2

f
Where
 fc 
fc1  fc 2 2
fc 
2
 f  fc1  fc 2
 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)

 The MSK Equation

s(t )  Ac cos(2 fct   (t ))

where
 (t )   ft

For Symbol 1 For Symbol 0

 (t )   ft  (t )   ft
t t
 
2Tb 2Tb
Carrier Phase Coding
For dibit 00

Tb 2Tb t

-π/2

-π

Φ(t)
Carrier Phase Coding
For dibit 10

π/2

Tb 2Tb
Carrier Phase Coding
For dibit 11

π/2

Tb 2Tb
Carrier Phase Coding
For dibit 01

Tb 2Tb t

-π/2

-π

Φ(t)
Goal of Today’s Lecture

 Differential Phase Shift keying

 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
 Minimum Phase Shift Keying
 Introduction To Information Theory
 Information Measure
Information Theory

 It is a study of Communication
Engineering plus Maths
 A Communication Engineer has to
Fight with
 Limited Power
 Inevitable Background Noise
 Limited Bandwidth
Information Theory deals with
 The Measure of Source
Information
 The Information Capacity of
the channel
 Coding

If The rate of Information from a source does not exceed the

capacity of the Channel, then there exist a Coding Scheme such that
Information can be transmitted over the Communication Channel with
arbitrary small amount of errors despite the presence of Noise
Equivalent noiseless
Channel

Source Channel Noisy Channel Source

Encoder Encoder Channel Decoder Decoder
Goal of Today’s Lecture

 Differential Phase Shift keying

 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
 Minimum Phase Shift Keying
 Introduction To Information Theory
 Information Measure
Information Measure

 This is utilized to determine the

information rate of discrete Sources

Consider Two Messages

A Dog bites a man
A man bites a dog
Thank You