APPLICATION TECHNOLOGY IN UNDERSTANDING

EARTH, ENERGY, MINERAL RESOURCES AND

NATURAL DISASTER
Benyamin Sapiie
GEODYNAMIC RESEARCH GROUP
GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM, FITB

KULIAH UMUM AULA BARAT - ITB

November 20, 2017
 OUTLINE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND AND PROBLEMS
• TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN EARTH SCIENCES
• SUMMARY
TERRESTRIAL PLANET MERCURY, VENUS, EARTH, MARS

EARTH
MERCURY

MARS

VENUS
THE DYNAMIC EARTH
EARTH TOPOGRAPHY
GRACE – 3D EARTH GRAVITY ANOMALY
NATURAL DISASTER
NATURAL DISASTER -EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANICS DISTRIBUTIONS

PLATE TECTONICS CONCEPT

 THE EARTH’S SYSTEM

Exploring Geology (Pipkin, et al., 2001)

WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION
 2010

14

©2011 General Electric Company. GE Proprietary. All rights reserved.

 2030

15

©2011 General Electric Company. GE Proprietary. All rights reserved.

Energy Demand and Sources
50
Energy consumption (percent)

World oil

40

World gas, nuclear,

hydro, renewables
30
World coal

20
1980 1985 1990 1995
Year

U.S. Data: Annual Energy Review 1999 (EIA, 2000)

World Data: International Energy Annual 1999 (EIA, 2000)
World Demand for Fossil Fuels
Will Continue to Grow

Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2004

Worldwide Oil & Gas Reserves
Russia

Norway
Canada UK
USA Kazakhstan
Azerbaijan
Turkmen China
AlgeriaLibya
Egypt Oman
Mexico Venezuela India
Malaysia
Nigeria
Indonesia
Angola Saudi Iran
OPERATED BY:
Brazil Arabia
Australia

NOC
Iraq Qatar
Non- UAE Kuwait
NOC
Oil & Gas Reserves combined
Source: BP Statistical Review
of World Energy 2004
Organic Carbon Distribution in the World

The World’s fossil

energy is still
plentiful

Source: USGS, 2005

 Hydrocarbon Resource Triangle

Conventional Reservoirs

Improved technology
Small volumes,
‘easy’ to develop
Past

Increased price
Unconventional
Reservoirs Present
Large volumes,
difficult to
develop

Future
Economides, Holditch
World Energy Source – Dry Gas
Unconventional vs. Conventional

Bartlow et a;. (2009)

Indigenous Oil & Gas Reservoirs
Conventional Reservoirs Unconventional Reservoirs
• Sandstone and carbonate • Poor reservoir properties
Reservoirs have capability of storage
• With good reservoir but poor productivity
properties have good • Tight Gas Reservoir
capability of storage and
• Shale Gas Reservoir
Productivity
• CBM Reservoir
• Reasonable Efforts for
Exploration
NOT DEVELOPED YET

23
FACT OF US UNCONVENTIONAL GAS PLAY
 Proved Gas Reserves
430 (In TCF for 2009)

494

Mid-East

2,592 N. America

Cent/S. America

Europe

Eurasia
1,994
Worldwide Total - 6,290 TCF
Data From E.I.A.

Africa

Asia/Oceania

344
169 267
WORKFLOW IN DEVELOPING UNCONVENTIONAL PLAY
FIB/SEM

Ambrose, et al. (2010)

SPE131772
GEOMECHANICS OF SHALE

Slatt (2011)
EXRACTION TECHNOLOGY

• HORIZONTAL DRILLING
• HYDRAULIC FRACTURES
DRILLING INDUCED – HYDRAULIC FRACTURES

• CREATE FRACTURES
• ENHANCED PERMEABILITY (CBM, SHALE GAS)
• INJECTIONS (I.E. SLURRY, SAND ETC)
Horizontal Wellbore
HYDRAULIC FRACTURES

FRACKING OPERATION
World Unconventional Gas

453

35
NEW TERTIARY BASINS MAP OF INDONESIAN
REGION

Sapiie, et. al. (2008);

COPYRIGHT IAGI
 Aplication of Drone Technology in
Conducting Advanced Geological Mapping
Benyamin Sapiie
Indra Gunawan
Adhipa Herlambang
Derry Apriansyah
Muhamad Edo Marsal
Azmi H. Yuhendar
HY USE DRONE TECHNOLOGY?
Outcrop Photography – Rajamandala, Padalarang
Drone Types and Peripherals
Drone for Geological Activities

SAMARINDA-KALIMANTAN

0 20m
0 40m

(Sapiie et al., in prep)

(Sapiie et al., in prep)
Aerial Photography to Virtual 3D Model – Photogrammetry Method
What is Photogrammetry ?

Definition:
“The use of photography in surveying and mapping to measure distances between objects. That includes x, y, z.”

“The art, science and technology of obtaining reliable spatial information about physical objects and the environment through the
processes of recording, measuring and interpreting image data.”

Two distinct types of photogrammetry:

- Aerial / spaceborne (e.g. Drone) photogrammetry
- Close range photogrammetry

Products:
- Photographic products : enlargements/reductions, rectifications (geotagging)
- Orthophotos : “an aerial photograph geometrically corrected ("orthorectified”) such that the scale is uniform”
- DEMs, profiles, surfaces
- Maps: topographic maps, special maps (with geology)

The modelling process using software Agisoft Photoscan™

Photogrametry Method and Outcrop Photography to 3D Model Workflow
Photos Alignment and Sparse Clouds Generation
Point Clouds Generation
Mesh Building
Texture Mapping
How to Create Virtual Outcrop Model
High Resolution Result
 Real Photography vs Virtual 3D Model

Outcrop Photograph Outcrop Photograph

0 9m 0 18m

Outcrop Model (Created by Agisoft) Outcrop Model (Created by Agisoft)

0 20m
0 20m

Maximum close-up from the model Maximum close-up from the model

0 30cm 0 30cm
 Real Photography vs Virtual 3D Model
Outcrop Photograph Outcrop Photograph

0 10m
0 10m

Outcrop Model (Created by Agisoft) Outcrop Model (Created by Agisoft)

0 10m
0 10m

Maximum close-up from the model Maximum close-up from the model

0 1m 0 1m
 Real Photography vs Virtual 3D Model

Outcrop Photograph Outcrop Photograph

0 5m

Outcrop Model (Created by Agisoft)

Outcrop Model (Created by Agisoft) 0 15m 0 10m

Maximum close-up from the model Maximum close-up from the model

0 1m 0 1m
High Resolution Videos

Drone Operation

Karangsambung Cikamuning

Silokek Batununggal
Outcrop Photography to 3D Modeling – Silokek, Padang
 SIL02

n=1334
BW1 BW2 BW3 SL1.1DE SL1.2DE SL1.3DE SIL01

n=486 n=762 n=353 n=274 n=118 n=108 n=570

Outcrop Photography to Fracture Modeling – Silokek, Padang (Sapiie et al., in prep)
Outcrop Photography to 3D Modeling – Pangalengan, Jawa Barat
Before
After LANDSLIDES MONITORING
De

LANDSLIDES MODELING

(Sapiie et al., in prep)

Conclusions
Products:
- Photographic products : enlargements/reductions, rectifications (geotagging)
- Orthophotos : “an aerial photograph geometrically corrected
("orthorectified”) such that the scale is uniform”
- DEMs, profiles, surfaces
- Maps: topographic maps, special maps (with geology)
• Outcrop Preservation
• Complementing (added value) to the field work activities (not substituting!)
• Advance mapping method
 Outcrop 3D Modelling
 Basement Fracture Modelling
 Hazard and Mitigation research
• Digital model input for the comprehensive analogue model(s)
ANALOGUE SANDBOX
MODELING • ITB SANDBOX APPARATUS WITH
VARIABLES DISPLACEMENT RATE (~ 5
Cm/hr.)
• SIZE: 120 X 50X50 CM
• USING NATURAL MATERIALS
• LOOSE DRY QUARTZ SAND
GRAINS
• GYPSUM POWDER (LIMESTONE)
• SAND SOURCE: NGRAYONG Fm. (EAST
JAVA)
• COULOMB MATERIALS WITH ANGLE
OF INTERNAL FRICTION (F) = 300,
BULK DENSITY (r): 1.4-1.8 g/cm3

0.5mm

(Sapiie et al. 2016)

 Experiment setting
Fault Mechanism

Shortening rate ~5 cm/hr

DEFORMATION EXAMPLE – SEDIMENT COVER ONLY
SURFACE DEFORMATION/RUPTURE - MORPHOLOGY
Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV)
Inner Crossection
3D Model
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• Geodynamic Research Group, Geological

Engineering Study Program - ITB
• Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology - ITB

THANK YOU