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function.
2. menarche: menstruation first occurs. This is the most
definite sign that puberty has commenced. Over the last 100
years. the average age of the menarche has steadily declined
from age of 14~16 years to 11~15 years. This changes is
probably related to better nutrition and increased body
weight in adolescents . Conversely the menarche is delayed in
girls suffering from malnutrition. The age of the menarche is
not related to climate. The onset of menstruation does not
directly equate with the onset of fertility as the early
menstrual cycles in adolescents are often anovular.
3. menstrual cycle: The length of a menstrual cycle
is counted in days from the first day of bleeding to
the first day of next cycle. The length of the normal
cycle varies from woman to woman and from time
to time in the same woman. The 1st day of
menstruation is considered day 1 of the menstrual
cycle .The average duration of a menstrual cycle is
28~30 days. but variations of 21~35 days are
accepted as within normal limits. Cycles shorter or
longer than this are more likely to be anovulatory.
4. menstrual period: The duration of the
menstrual flow is very variable ,the average is
3~5 days, durations of 1~8 days can be normal.
The amount of menstrual flow peaks on the first
or second day of menstruation. The amount of
blood loss during menstruation is approximately
30~50ml. ranged from 20~80ml, more than
80ml is considered menorrhagia.
5. menstrual flow consists of nonclotting
blood ,mucus,cellular debris and endometrium
fragments.
The menstrual flow is usually scanty and viscid
at first, later becoming bright red, and finally
brown towards the end of the period. Small clots
and fragment of endometrium may be seen, but
large clots are only passed when the bleeding is
excessive.
• Symptoms of menstrual period: There may be
abdominal discomfort, headache, soreness of
breasts, feeling of tired etc .Usually these
symptoms are not severe.
development escape
Sheding of formation of
of follicles of oocyte
endometruim corpus luteum
•
If fertilization and implantation do not occur, at 9~10 days
after ovulation the corpus luteum begins degeneration ,it
decreases in volume and loses its yellow color ,hormones
production diminishes rapidly ,cells denatured ,menstruation
ensues leading to the beginning of a new cycle .
The corpus luteum has a fixed life period, about 13~14
days unless pregnancy occurs .If the oocyte becomes fertilized
and implants within the endometrium, the early pregnancy
begins secreting human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG),which
support the corpus luteum for another 6~7 weeks. If there
has been no pregnancy, after 8~10 weeks the corpus luteum
becomes a white fibrous streak within the ovary called the
corpus albicans .The phase from formation to degeneration of
corpus luteum called luteal phase.
If there has been no pregnancy, after 8~10
weeks the corpus luteum becomes a white
fibrous streak within the ovary called the
corpus albicans .The phase from formation to
degeneration of corpus luteum called luteal
phase. However, serum levels of progesterone are such
that LH and FSH production is relatively suppressed.
So a menstrual cycle is divided into follicular
phase,Ovulation phase and luteal phase .
Sex steroid hormones secretion in ovaries
10. bone: