I have streets but no pavement,

I have cities but no buildings,

I have forests but no trees,
I have rivers yet no water.

What I am?

Map
What does this mean?

Reading
between the
Line
What does this mean?
GROUND
FEET FEET
FEET FEET
FEET FEET

6 Feet below
the Ground
 Essential Question: How does weathering and
erosion shape our Earth?

WEATHERING
 Mechanical/Physical
ice, animal, plant growth
 Chemical
oxidation, acid, water

EROSION
- Agent of erosion
gravity, running water, glaciers, wind
and waves.
 How is water an agent of Erosion?
 Moving water is the major agent of
erosion that has shaped Earth’s
land surface
 Through erosion, a river creates
valleys, water falls, flood plains,
and other landforms
 Deposition of sediments creates
landforms such as deltas and also
adds soil to a river’s flood plain
 A delta is sediment that are
deposited where a river flows into
an ocean or lake building up a
landform
How is water an agent of Erosion?
• Ground water is another agent of erosion through the process
of chemical weathering
• Ground water is water that fills the cracks and spaces in
underground soil and rock layers
• Ground water containing carbonic acid can break down
limestone creating caves or caverns.
• Stalactites and stalagmites are also formed from the deposit of
calcite due to chemical weathering
 How do waves contribute to
Erosion?
 The energy in waves comes from wind that blows across the
water’s surface
 Waves shape the coast through erosion by breaking down rock
and transporting sand and other sediment
 Waves shape a coast when they deposit sediment, forming
coastal features such as beaches.
ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

THE PROCESSES WITHIN

 Definition

en·do·gen·ic
ˌendōˈjenik/
Adjective GEOLOGY

Formed, located or occurring

beneath the surface of the earth.
 What is Endogenic Process?

Endogenic Processes are geological

processes that occur beneath the surface of
the Earth.
It is associated with energy originating
in the interior of the solid earth.
The ground we live on is moving all the
time.
The Forces within the earth that cause the
ground to move are called ENDOGENIC
FORCES.
 How does Endogenic Process works?

When the ground moves, Rock layers at

the surface of the earth are broken, twisted
and shaken.
Land is destroyed in many places
and created in other places.
When the land is shaped by
Endogenic Forces we call this
ENDOGENIC PROCESSES.
 The Main Endogenic Processes

The Main Endogenic Processes are

FOLDING & FAULTING or Tectonic
Movements.
They take place mainly along the plate
boundaries, which are the zones that are not
stable.
Endogenic processes cause many
major landform features.
 FOLDING
When two forces push towards each other from
opposite sides, the rock layers will bend into folds.
The process by which folds are formed are due to
compressional forces known as folding.
There are large-scale and small-scale folds. Large-
scale folds are found mainly along destructive plate
boundaries.
Illustration: Folding
Illustration: Folding
 FAULTING
Faulting is the fracturing and displacement of more
brittle rock strata along a fault plane either caused by
tension or compression.
A break in rock along which a vertical or horizontal
rock movement has occurred is called a fault.
The process of forming a fault is faulting.
The line of fault which appears on land surface is
known as fault line.
These lines are often lines of weakness which allow
molten rock to rise up onto the earth surface when
there is active volcanic activity nearby.
 TYPES OF FAULTING
There are three types of fault which are caused by
different endogenic forces:
- Normal fault (Convergence)
- Reverse fault (Divergence)
- Tear fault (Transform)
Faulting forms two major landforms - block
mountains and rift valleys.
Illustrations of Faulting
Illustrations of Faulting
 Other Endogenic Processes (Subsequent)

These are Endogenic Processes that are subsequent

to the main ones.
 Volcanism (Volcanic Activity)
 Metamorphism
 Earthquake (Seismic Activity)
 Volcanism
VOLCANISM or magmatism (also known as
volcanic activity or igneous activity)
Magma beneath the crust is under very great
pressure. When folding and faulting occur, cracks or
fractures which are lines of weakness are created.
When these lines of weakness develop downward in
the crust and reach the magma, they will release the
pressure in the magma.
This allows magma to rise up along the lines of
weakness and intrude into the crust. Some magma
may even reach the earth's surface and some don’t.
 Illustration of Volcanism

There are
two types of
Volcanism:
Intrusive
volcanism
and
Extrusive
volcanism.
Results of Volcanism
 Metamorphism
Metamorphism is an endogenic process which
occurs when there is pressure and heat applied to
geologic structures which leads to the formation of
Metamorphic Rocks.
Illustration of Metamorphism
Results of Metamorphism
Grading Metamorphic Rocks
 Earthquakes
An Earthquake or (Seismic Activity) is a sudden
shaking or vibration in the earth’s crust.
When plates suddenly move past each other, the
built-up strain is released along the fault, and the
rock fractures.
An earthquake also can be triggered by molten rock
moving up into the chamber of a volcano before
eruption.
Illustrating Earthquake
 Summary
Endogenic Processes are Processes that is formed or
occurring beneath the surface of the Earth.
The Main Endogenic Processes are Folding and
Faulting (or tectonic movements).
The Subsequent Endogenic Processes are Volcanism,
Metamorphism, and Earthquakes.
Endogenic processes cause many major landform
features.
Endogenic processes have been responsible for shaping
the earth’s geologic structures and the formation of many
of the most important mineral resources.