MODULE IN

EARTH
SCIENCE
AND LIFE
SCIENCE
CHAPTER 1: ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH : THE
UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Objectives:
1. Describe the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe.
2. Explain what the universe is composed of.
3. Describe the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the solar system.
THE UNIVERSE
Before we discuss the different theories and ideas about the universe let us first described
the universe as “COSMOS” by answering the given activity .
COSMOLOGY is a branch of science that study the origin ,evolution and fate of the universe.
ACTIVITY 1.JUMBLED WORDS
Form the correct word of the jumbled letter on the left to identify the important terms used
to described the universe.
JUMBLED WORD YOUR ANSWER
1.AGREL ________________________
2.ASG ________________________
3.ARSTS ________________________
4.SUDT LODUSC ________________________
5.SPLTANE ________________________
6.LXGAAY ________________________
FIRST THEORY: BIGBANG THEORY
According to this theory developed by various scientist and philosophers about 10billion to
20 billion years ago.matter and energy were compressed and condensed in a hot tiny dense
mass.But due to random fluctuations,this tiny dense and compact point exploded
tremendously.This explosion is termed as a BIG BANG THEORY.
ACTIVITY 2.BANG THAT BALLOON
MATERIALS:
1 piece big balloon, 5 pieces pebbles, 3 pieces small marbles, ¼ cup of water and atbsp. Of
sand.
PROCEDURES:
1.Put all materials inside the balloon.
2.Inflate slowly the balloon until the balloon burst.
3.Observed what will happen to the materials when the balloon burts.
GUIDE QUESTIONS.
1. Compare the materials when they are inside the balloon and when the balloon
bursts.
2. Describe what will happens to the materials when the balloon bursts.
3. Base on the activity , how will you describe the bigbang theory of the universe?
SECONDTHEORY: STEADY STATE THEORY or INFINITE UNIVERSE THEORY.
According to this theory, the density of matter in the expanding universe remain unchanged
due to the continuous creation of matter, thus adhering to the perfect cosmological
principle.

THIRD THEORY: PULSATING UNIVERSE

Combines both Bigbang and the big crunch as part of a cyclical event .The theory state that
the universe is living and keep pulsating in and out. the universe expand at a rapid rate with
gravity and inertia and eventually inertia will run out and gravity will be left and will cause
the universe to pull in to itself and create a ‘crunch’.

THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Let us expand the knowledge we gain about the origin of the universe by discussing the
solar system. Is the gravitational bound system comprising the sun and the objects that orbit
it, either directly of indirectly. It is a constant motion , with the planets and their moons,
comets, asteroids and other space object revolving around the sun.

ACTIVITY 3: DISCOVERING DISCOVERIES!

Task: The class will present a role play or a mini show which will give information to the
public about the origin of the solar system.
Procedures:
1.devide the class in to five groups. Each group will have a certain role to play in the show .
Group 1 – Astronomers group 3 – Reporters Group 5 – multimedia
Group
Group 2 – Researchers Group 4- General Public
2.Roles
a. The astronomers will take care of the content of the show.
b. The researchers will help the astronomers and the reporter about the content of the
show.
c. The reporters will be responsible on how to relay the information to the general public.
d. The general public will serve as a audience and can asked questions about the topic.
e. The multimedia group will take care of the props and multimedia presentation needed for
the show.
3. The class will present the output and will be assessed using the given criteria.
THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Rene Descartes in the mid 1600’s device a THEORY OF VORTICES which postulated that the
space was entiredly filled of matter in various state , whirling about the sun like a vortex.
Immanuel Kant suggested that the contraction in the middle of the rotating cloud appeared
and the rest flattened out like a disk, using Newton’s idea of gravity. In his ‘NEBULAR
HYPOTHESES’ on the stars and planetary formation. This theory Known as NEBULAR
HYPOTHESES this theory explains that the solar system evolved from a nebula that dis
integrated due to the fall of its own gravity about 4.5 billion years ago. This vast cloud of
dust contained light element with trace amount of heavier elements.
The solar system that we know today refers to a star and all of the space objects that travels
around it including planets, its natural satellites, comets and asteroids.
ACTIVITY 4. LOOK AT ME!
The solar system composed of different unique planets. Compare each planet to our own
planet Earth by researching specific traits such as ; size,atmosphere, composition, space
object revolving around it., length of days/years and many more.

ASSESSMENT:
Choose the best answer from the questions given below.
TRUE OR FALSE
1. Are the orbits of planets on the same plane?
a. YES, More or less b. NO, they’re all over the place
2. In the solar system, are the planets known as the giant planets also known as the
outer planets?
a. True b. False
3. The sun rotates around the earth.
a. True b. False
4. Most of meteors burn up in the atmosphere, People often call these shooting star.
a. True b. False
5. Jovian planets are terrestrial planets.
a. True b. False
CHAPTER 2: ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH: EARTH AND

EARTH SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES:
1. Recognize the uniqueness of earth, being the only planet in the solar system with
properties necessarily to support life
2. Identify the layer of the earth
3. Differentiate the layer of the earth.
EARTH is characterized by its blue water , rocky brown, and green land masses with
white clouds set against a black backround.It is the third planet from the sun and a few
hundred kilometer largest that the planet Venus in terms of diameter.Also it is a fifth
largest planet in the solar system.It is the only known planet that can support life. Our
home planet is special because 70% of its surface is covered by water.EARTH SCIENCE
also known as GEOSCIENCE is a comprehensive term used for all science related to
earth geology,meteorology,oceanography etc. Air ,water, land and life are the four
major system of the earth.The biophysical component of the earth system are often
referred to as sphere and are subdivided in to four : GEOSPHERE, HYDROSPHERE,
ATMOSPHERE AND BIOSPHERE.
THE GEOSPHERE makes up the solid portion of the earth, its structure and land.It is
divided into three parts: CRUST, MANTLE and CORE.
ACTIVITY 1. YOUR FACE LOOK FAMILIAR!
MATERIALS:
Any clean recyclable materials coloring materials Adhesives
PROCEDURES
1. Using the recyclable materials, conceptualize your own model of the layers of the
earth.
2. Construct your earth’s layer model. Make sure that the difference between each
layer will be clear in your own model.
3. Present your model in the class.
THE EARTH’S CRUST The upper part of the earth.
UPPER MANTLE The upper mantle extends from the crust to a depth of about 670
kilometers below the earth’s surface. It is composed of iron, oxygen , silicon, magnesium
and aluminum.

LOWER MANTLE The lower mantle extends from 660 kilometers up to 2700 kilometers
below the Earth’s surface. It is mostly solid rocks and composed of the elements iron,
oxygen, magnesium and aluminum.
OUTER CORE The outer core is the second largest layer and second to the last layer of our
planets.
INNER CORE The final layer of the earth is the inner core which is an exceedingly hot, dense
huge metal of mostly iron 2500 km wide.
THE HYDROSPHERE is composed of all the waters on or near the earth’s surface. This
includes water on the surface like the ocean, rivers, and lakes.It maybe also the water in the
undergrounds.

THE ATMOSPHERE The earth’s atmosphere is not just merely the air that we breathe but
also a blanket of gas that surround our planets up to the edge of space.
Parts of atmosphere are outlined below.
1. TROPOSPHERE This part of the atmosphere starts at the earth’s surface and extends
8-14.5 kilometer high. It is considered as the densest among other parts of the
atmosphere. Almost all weather types in this region.
2. STRATOSPHERE it extends up to 50 kilometers high.it is in this region where we can
find the ozone layer which absorbs scattered the solar ultraviolet radiation.
3. MESOSPHERE it extend to 85 kilometer .Meteors usually burn up in this region as
they approach our planet.
4. THERMOSPHERE it extend up to 600 km above the mesosphere. It is where aurora
and satellites occurs.
5. IONOSPHERE is the part of our atmosphere where abundant layer of
electrons,ionized atoms and molecules occur.
6. EXOSPHERE this is the upper limit of our atmosphere. It extend from the top of the
thermosphere up to 10,000 km ( 6,200 mi ).

BIOSPHERE is the termed as the “ zone of life “.It is the part of the earth where life
exists.It could be occupy the oceans, surfaces of the land and can be in the atmosphere.
ASSESSMENT:
DIRECTION: Choose the best answer from the option given below.
1.Which is the hottest parts of the earth.
a. mantle b.inner core c.crust d.outer core
2.Which among the layers of the earth internal structure is the densest layer?
a. mantle b.inner core c.crust d.outer core
3.The earth’s core is made up of ?
a. rock and salt b.rock and metal c.metal and gold d.gold and salt
4.The sphere tha includes all things living is the ______________?
a.hydrosphere b.biosphere c.atmosphere d. lithosphere
5.Which of earth’s sphere contains of mountans, valleys, and other landscape?
a.hydrosphere b.biosphere c.atmosphere d. lithosphere
From the given items below choose where each belongs. Write your answer on the
space provided.
a.frog f.river
b.plants g.ocean
c.stratosphere h.glacier
d.sea i.mountain
e.troposphere j.crust
HYDROSPHERE ___________________________________________________
 ATMOSPHERE ___________________________________________________
GEOSPHERE ___________________________________________________
CRYOSPHERE ___________________________________________________
BIOSPHERE ___________________________________________________

CHAPTER 3 BIOENERGETICS

This chapter has the following topics:

a. Cell as the basic Unit of life
b. Photosynthesis
c. Cell respiration
OBJECTIVES.
1. Identify the different parts of the cell:
2. Differentiate plants cell from animal cell:
3. Explain how cell carry out functions required for life
4. Explain how photosysthetic organisms use light energy to combine the carbon
dioxide and water to form energy – rich compounds
5. Trace the energy flow from from the environment to the cells
6. Describe how organisms obtained and utilize energy
7. Recognize that organisms required energy to carry out function required for life
8. Appreciate the cell as a highly organized structure
Cell: The basic unit of life
The cell was first discovered and named by Robert Hooke in 1665.He said that it looked
similar to a cellula or small room which monks inhabited,thus deriving the name.
Cell theory development
a. The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living.
b. The cell retains a dual existence as distinct entity and a building block in the
construction of organisms.
c. Cell from by free- cell formation
Cell types s and organelles
Prokaryotic cells these are small cells from the bacteria and archaea domains. The do not
contains the cell membrane -bound nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.Thier
activities related to the life function from accomplished in the cytoplasm.

Eukaryotic cells these are complex in which a membrane bound nucleus and membrane
bound organelles are present.Example of this cell are Protista ( amoeba and
paramecium ),Plantae ( gymnosperm pines,angiosperm flowering plants, mosses and
ferns ),Animalia ( humans ), and Fungi ( yeast ).

Components of a Cell and their Functions

Cell MembraneThe outermost covering of a cell is called the cell membrane. The cell
membrane acts like a traffic policeman that regulates entry and exit of substances, that is,
ions and solutes. This helps in regulating the internal cell balance.
Cell WallThe outermost covering of a plant cell is called the cell wall. It is made up of
cellulose, and it helps provide mechanical support to the cell. It surrounds the cell
membrane and helps maintain the pressure within the cell.
CentrosomeThe centrosome is a part of the animal cell. An animal cell may contain one or
two centrosomes that help in mitosis.
ChloroplastChloroplasts are green-colored plastids that are plant cell parts. They help in
production of food in the presence of sunlight by photosynthesis.
ChromoplastThese are also plant cell organelles that have different colors in different cells.
They contain xanthophyll and carotene that helps give the flowers and fruits their color.
CytoplasmThe mixture of water and soluble organic and inorganic compounds is called the
cytoplasm. Most of the parts of a cell are suspended in the cytoplasm. All the metabolic
functions and activities of an animal cell takes place here.
Endoplasmic ReticulumThe tubular structures that are found near the nucleus and help
provide support to both plant and animal cells is called the endoplasmic reticulum. There
are two types of endoplasmic reticulum, the smooth reticulum without the attached
ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum with the attached ribosomes.
Golgi BodiesThe golgi apparatus or bodies are flat vesicular structures that are stacked one
above the other. They secrete and store hormones and enzymes that help in transportation
out of the cell.
LeukoplastsThese are plant cell organelles that are a type of colorless plastid and help in the
storage of starch.
LysosomeThis part of an animal cell that is a membranous sac. It is part of the golgi
apparatus that contains different enzymes. It helps in intracellular digestion and in the
elimination of foreign substances. They are also known as the ‘suicide sacs’ because if one
of them bursts, the entire cell will be destroyed.
MitochondriaThe mitochondria has two layers of membrane, of which, the inner membrane
is folded to form cristae. It is the powerhouse of the cell where ATP is generated by cellular
respiration.
Nuclear MembraneThe covering of the nucleus is the nuclear membrane. It has many pores
that aid in the transport of substances.
NucleouluThe nucleoulus contains the RNA and sends out the RNS to ribosomes along with
the blueprints of the protein to be synthesized.
NucleoplasmThe dense fluid that contains chromatin fibers made up of DNA is called
nucleoplasm. The chromatin fibers undergo a change in structure after cell division and are
called chromosomes. This chromosome contains the hereditary information of genes.
NucleusThe brain of a cell, the cell nucleus, controls all the functions occurring in the cell. It
contains the blueprint of life, that is, DNA.
RibosomesThe part of a cell that contains RNA that helps in protein synthesis.
VacuoleThe large and abundant vesicle of a plant cell is called a vacuole. It contains fluids
and helps in storage of substances, building material, and water.
ACTIVITY 1. FIND OUT!
Do you want to see how the cell look like?
Break a chicken egg into a dish, and look at the yolk.How large do you think it is? Estimate
its width. Then use a metric ruler to measure the width of your chicken yolk cell.With a hand
lens observe the yolk closely. Other cell that can be seen easily are large fish eggs.Most cells
are too small to be seen without the help of microscope. Luckily there are few cells that can
be seen with your naked eye.
ACTIVITY 2 Think critically!
What cell part makes the tadpole tails disappear?how?
PHOTOSYSTHESIS is the process by which plant convert light energy into chemical energy.
The food making process is the main concern of this module.
THE SUN All process that occur in living and non-living system requires
energy.Photosynthesis is no excemtion.The energy comes from the sun is called solar
energy.
ACTIVITY 3. COMPONENTS OF THE VISIBLE LIGHT
Materials:
Prism, White paper,Light source
Procedures:
1.Arrange the 3 objects as shown as below
Light source prism white paper
2.Switch the light source on and focus the light into prism.
3.What do you in the white paper that serves as screen?Describe it.
4.Draw what you see in the light paper.
THE LEAF Plant leaves absorb sunlight to manufacture plant sugar through a process called
photosynthesis..In order to get enough light , leaf surface are flattened to have a big area.

ACTIVITY 4. LEAF CHARACTERISTIC

Materials : notebook and pencil
Procedures:
1.Visit the garden in your school.
2.Note the different characteristics of the leaf of the plants you mayfind in the place. Most
of these characteristic makes leaves very efficients in trappingenergy from the sun,which in
turn , increases the photosynthetic activity of the leaves.
3.Draw the different leaves you have found in the garden and observe the difference of it.
a. leaf structure

b.leaf arrangement
c.leaf shape

THE CHLOROPLAST AND THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS the word chloroplast is derived
from the Greek word “ chloros “ meaning “ green “ and “ plastes “ meaning “ the one who
form “Chloroplasts are small organelles located insde the plant cells.

ACTIVITY 5. OBSERVING CHLOROPLAST

Materials: microscope Hydrilla glass slide water
PROCEDURES:
1. Get a hydrilla plants and place it in a wide – mouthed bottle.
2. Expose to sunlight for 15 minutes.
3. Detach healthy green leaf near the apex and mount it on water in glass slide.
 4. Examine the leaf under the low power objective and high power objective of the
microscope.
5. Do see compartment?What is the shape of each compartment?
6. Observed the coin shape chloroplasts moving along with the cytoplasms.
PIGMENTS Also absorb light rays of certain wavelength . In plants, algae, and cyano bacteria,
pigment capture the energy of the sunlight and use it in a photosynthesis.
Activity 6. NAME MY PIGMENT!
Materials: alcohol mortar and pestle 2 pieces of green leaves beaker chalk
Procedures:
1. Get 2 pieces of leaves and clean them thoroughly.
2. Place the leaves in a mortar and pound with pestle along with grains of sand.
3. Add enough alcohol to cover the mixture.
4. Continue pounding until enough pigment are extracted.
5. Decant the extract into the beaker.
6. Dip a new piece of chalk into the extract and allow the extract tosip into the chalk.
7. Observe the piece of chalk.How many bonds of color do you see in it?
Chlorophyll are green pigments, which contains a ring that allow electron to move freely so
the molecules can gain or loss electron easily.
Carotenoids are usully red , orange, or yellow pigments.These compounds are composed of
two or small six-carbon rings connected by a chain of carbon atoms.
Phycobilins Are water- solube pigments, and are found in the cytoplasm, or in the stroma of
the chloroplast.
THE LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
Is the first phase of photosynthesis . In the previous topic we learn the pigment molecules
form clusters called photosystem.
THE LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION
Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through the stomata. It goes into a mesosphyll layers and
move to the stroma of the chloroplast.

Cellular respiration a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of
organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate
(ATP), and then release waste products.
Krebs cycle or Citric acid cycle is the final pathway of oxidation of glucose, fats and amino
acids. Many animals are dependent on nutrients other than glucose as an energy source.
Amino acids (metabolic product of proteins) are deaminated and get converted to pyruvate
and other intermediates of the Krebs cycle.

ASSESSMENT

Choose the letter of the best answer.

1.Where does the oxygen gas released during photosynthesis come from?
a.water b.sugar c.pigments d.carbon dioxide
2.What types of cell has these charateristics:contains DNA but not nucleus ,contains flagella,
ribosomes, cytoplasm and a cell membrane.
a.plants b.fungi c.animals d. bacteria
3.A cell is observed to contain nucleus, mithocondria and chloroplasts. From this informantion you
can coclude that the cell is?
a.plant cell b.animal cell c.bacteria cell d.prokaryotic cell
4.The site of ATP production and the site of photosynthesis are the _________________________.
a.ribosomes and vacuoles c.mithocondria and chloroplast
b.chloroplasts and lysosomes d.golgi complex and chloroplasts
5.Digestives enzymes or hydrolytic enzymes are term associated with
a. ribosomes b.lysosomes c.golgi apparatus d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
6.Organisms whose cells lacks of nucleus are called
a.plants b.organelles c.eukaryotes d.prokaryotes
7.Which of the following substances isproduce through cyclic phoporylation?
a.ATP only b.NADPH only c.ATP and NADPH d.sugar
8.How many ATP molecules are used during the initial stes of glycolysis?
a.0 b.1 c.2 d.3.0
9.A cell with relative few energy needs will probably have a relative small number of
a.ribosomes b.lysosomes c.mithocondria d.chromosomes
10.Which of the following processes produces the greatest yield of adenosine triphosphate?
a.glycolysis b.Kreb’s cycle c.fermentation d.electron transport chain

REFERENCE: Earth and life science book Author: ( Roly Bayo-ang, Ma.Lourdes g.Coronacion,Annamae
t. Jorda,and Anna Jamille Restubog)

Head author: Maria Noemi M. Moncada, ED. D., LLB

Prepared by: Approaved by:

EMMANUEL P. RONQUILLO ALLAN C. GEROMIANO

Teacher Teacher in Charge