By Mohammed Luqqman

INFORMATION
 ARPANET, which stands for Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network.
 It was an early packet switching network to implement
the protocol suite TCP/IP.
 The packet switching of the ARPANET, together with
TCP/IP, would form the backbone of how the internet
works.
INTRODUCTION
 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a
reference tool for understanding data communications
between any two networked systems.
 It divides the communications process into seven
layers.
 The three lowest layers focus on passing traffic
through the network to end system.
 The top four layers come into play in the end system
to complete the process.
Layer 1 – Physical Layer:

 The physical layer is concerned with transmitting raw

bits over a communication channel.
 It also deals with mechanical, electrical and timing
interfaces.
Layer 2 - Data Link Layer:
 The main function of the data link layer is to take a raw
transmission facility and transform it into a line that
appears free of transmission errors in the network
layer.
Layer 3 – Network Layer:

 The network layer is concerned with controlling the

operation of the subnet.
 The main function is determining how packets are
routed from source to destination.
Layer 4 – Transport Layer:

 The basic function of the transport layer is to accept

data from the above (session) layer, split it up into
smaller units if needed, pass these to the network
layer, and ensure that the pieces all arrive correctly at
the other end.
Layer 5 – Session Layer:

 The session layer allows users on different machines

to establish sessions between them.

 It includes dialog control, token management and

synchronization.
Layer 6 – Presentation Layer:
 The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax
and semantics of the information transmitted
concerned with moving bits around the layer.
Layer 7 – Application Layer:

 The application layer contains a variety of protocols

that are commonly needed by the user.
 For example HTTP which is the bases for the World
Wide Web to access web pages.