◦ IDENTITY OF MAN

- MAN AS A BIOLOGICAL BEING- focuses on biological and physical changes on human

- MAN AS A RATIONAL BEING- focuses on man’s ability to think.
- MAN AS A CULTURAL BEING- Man associates and interacts with other social beings in
different social settings in order to satisfy his varied needs.
- MAN AS A SOCIAL BEING- Man manifest the cultural behavior of his particular social group.
He acquires the ideas, beliefs, knowledge, values, folkways, morals, duties and taboos,
customs, traditions, and sanctions of the society through socialization, imitation,
enculturation, acculturation, education, training, experiences, and living together as
member of the group.
◦ MAN AS A POLITICAL BEING- As a political being, man acquires certain political status and
corresponding political role in a political power relation
◦ MAN AS A BEING OF DIVINE CREATION- focuses on man’s conviction about after life and
reincarnation

◦Political science is a social science which deals with systems of governance,

and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, and political behavior

◦Sociology is the study of society, patterns of social

relationships, social interaction and culture of
everyday life
◦Anthropology is the scientific study of humans and human behavior and
societies in the past and present.
◦ Archaeology
Archaeology examines peoples and cultures of the past.
◦ Biological Anthropology
Biological anthropology specializes in evolution, genetics, and health.
◦ Cultural Anthropology
Cultural anthropology studies human societies and elements of cultural life.
◦ Linguistic Anthropology
Linguistic anthropology is a concentration of cultural anthropology that focuses on
language in society.
Culture- consists of beliefs, behaviors, objects and other
characteristic common to the member of a particular group or
society.
-Way of life of people meaning how they do things.
◦ Material culture refers to those tangible, concrete,
man-made objects
◦ Non‐material culture refers to the nonphysical ideas that people have
about their culture, including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language,
organizations, and institutions.
ASPECT/CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
◦ Culture is learned
◦ Culture is shared
◦ Culture is cumulative
◦ Culture changes
◦ Culture is dynamic
◦ Culture is ideational
◦ Culture is diverse
◦ Culture gives us range of permissible behavior pattern
◦ COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

◦Norms- guidelines or standards or shared roles on what is right or wrong, appropriate or

inappropriate behavior, morality, legality and ethics of a society which provide sanctions

when violations are made .

◦Folkways- these are everyday habits, customs, traditions, and conventions which do
not have particular moral and ethical significance.

◦Mores- these are norms with coercive moral and ethical significance and which carry
strong moral and legal sanctions.

◦Positive mores or duty or the “Thou shall behavior”

◦Negative mores or taboo or the “Thou shall not behavior
 Laws- these are formalized norms enacted by people vested with legitimate authority.
Ideas. These are man’s conception of his physical, social and cultural world.
Beliefs- these refer to a person’s conviction about certain idea, or the people’s perception or
view of reality and real world.

Values- these are abstract concepts of what is important and worthwhile, desirable and
undesireable.

Symbols- refers to an object, gesture, sound, color or

design that represents something “other than itself”
◦FOUR CATEGORIES OF HOMINIDS
1.Sahelanthropus
2.Ardipithecus
3.Australopithecus
4.Homo
1. Sahelanthropus Tchadensis
- Orronin Togenensis

2. Ardipithecus
- Ardipithecus Kadabba
- Ardipithecus Ramidus

3. Australopithecus
2 major categories
◦ Gracile Australopithecus
1. Australopithecus Afarensis
2. Australopithecus Anamensis
3. Australopithecus Africanus
◦ Robust Australopithecus
1. Australopithecus Aethiopicus
2. Australopithecus Robustus
3. Australopithecus Boisei

4. HOMO
- Homo Habilis
- Homo Erectus
◦ Peking Man
- Homo Sapiens
◦ Homo Neanderthalensis
◦ Cro-Magnon
 SOCIETY
It came from the Latin word, “socious” meaning “companion” or
“associate”
It is consist of people who are in constant association, socialization,
and interaction with one another on the basis of social criteria and
norms of behavior.
◦ 5 major types of societies according to how they changed and developed over time
◦ Hunting and Gathering
◦ Horticultural and Pastoral
◦ Agricultural Societies
◦ Industrial Societies
◦ Post-Industrialist Societies
◦SOCIALIZATION- refers to the lifelong process of forging identity through social
interaction, language, as well as social agents that teach aspects of culture to the
members of society.

◦ENCULTURATION- refers to the process over which individuals learns or acquires

the important aspects of his or her society’s culture.

2 MAJOR VIEWS HOW CULTURES SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN COMPARISON TO OTHERS

1. RELATIVISTIC APPROACH- considers culture should be equal, view holds that there are no
“superior” or “inferior” cuture, and each is unique in its own way.
2. Ethnocentric Approach- is the belief that one’s native culture is superior to other’s culture, tend
to have negative view of other countries and people.

ETHNOCENTRISM – Diminishes or invalidates other’s way of life and creates a

misleading view of one’s own.
-- culture shock

XENOCENTRISM- Societies that have the tendency to

consider their culture as inferior to others.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM- which recognizes and accepts
the cultural differences between societies.
◦MULTICULTURALISM- is a situation in which all the different cultural or racial
groups in a society have equal rights and opportunities, and none is ignored or regarded as
unimportant.

◦CULTURAL SENSITIVITY- awareness and acceptance of cultural differences

but encourages a critical stance in dealing with issues regarding diversity.