HYPOTHESES

RALPH EVANDER B. IDUL, LPT

HYPOTHESES

“Hypotheses are single tentative guesses, good hunches –

assumed for use in devising theory or planning experiments
intended to be given a direct experimental test when
possible”. (Eric Rogers, 1966)

“Hypothesis is a formal statement that

presents the expected relationship between an
independent and dependent
variable.”(Creswell, 1994)
HYPOTHESES

“A hypothesis is a conjectural statement of the relation

between two or more variables”. (Kerlinger, 1956)
HYPOTHESES

“It is a tentative prediction about the nature of the relationship

between two or more variables.”

“A hypothesis can be defined as a tentative explanation of the

research problem, a possible outcome of the research, or an
educated guess about the research outcome.”(Sarantakos,
1993: 1991)
HYPOTHESES

“An hypothesis is a statement or explanation that is

suggested byknowledge or observation but has not,
yet, been proved or disproved.”(MacleodClark J and
Hockey L 1981)
 Nature of Hypothesis
1
The hypothesis is a clear statement of what is intended to be
investigated. It should be specified before research is conducted
and openly stated in reporting the results. This allows to:

• Identify the research objectives

• Identify the key abstract concepts involved in the research
• Identify its relationship to both the problem statement and
the literature review
 Nature of Hypothesis
1
• It can be tested –verifiable or falsifiable
• Hypotheses are not moral or ethical
questions
• It is neither too specific nor to general
• It is a prediction of consequences
• It is considered valuable even if proven false
 Nature of Hypothesis
1
• It can be tested –verifiable or falsifiable
• Hypotheses are not moral or ethical
questions
• It is neither too specific nor to general
• It is a prediction of consequences
• It is considered valuable even if proven false
 TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
2
NULL Designated by:
HYPOTHESES
H0 or HN
Pronounced as
“H oh” or “H-null”
 TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
2
ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESES

Designated by:
H1 or HA
 NULL HYPOTHESIS
2
The null hypothesis represents a theory that
has been put forward, either because it is
believed to be true or because it is to be used
as a basis for argument, but has not been
proved.
 NULL HYPOTHESIS
2
The null hypothesis represents a theory that has
been put forward, either because it is believed to
be true or because it is to be used as a basis for
argument, but has not been proved.
• Has serious outcome if incorrect decision is
made!
 ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESIS
3
is a statement of what a
hypothesis test is set up to
establish.
 ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESIS
3
• Opposite of Null Hypothesis.
• Only reached if H0 is rejected.
• Frequently “alternative” is actual
desired conclusion of the
researcher!
 ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESIS
3
EXAMPLE:
In a clinical trial of a new drug, the null hypothesis
might be that the new drug is no better, on average,
than the current drug.
• We would write H0: there is no difference
between the two drugs on average.
 ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESIS
3
EXAMPLE:
The alternative hypothesis might be that: the new
drug has a different effect, on average, compared to
that of the current drug.
• We would write H1: the two drugs have
different effects, on average.
 ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESIS
3
The new drug is better, on average,
than the current drug.
• We would write H1: the new drug
is better than the current drug, on
average.
We give special consideration to the null hypothesis…

If we concludeThe'dofinal
not reject H0', thisonce
conclusion, doesthe test
not necessarily mean that the null
has been carried out, is always given
hypothesis is true, it only suggests that
in terms of the null hypothesis. We
there is not sufficient evidence against H0
either 'reject H0in
in favor of H1; rejecting the null favor of H1' or 'do
not suggests
hypothesis then, reject H0';
thatwe
thenever conclude
'reject H1',may
alternative hypothesis or even
be true'accept H1'.
 MESSAGES

QUANTITATIVE
DIRECTIONS: Write RESEARCH
the Ho on thePROBLEM: In what
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order shouldif 18
each number thesenatorial
statement iscandidate be ranked
a null hypothesis for
the the
on givenbasis
research problem;
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experience an legal
alternative
hypothesis; and X if it is not a hypothesis.
management?
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 MESSAGES

________1. One-half of the senatorial candidates are

knowledgeable about law.
________2. Two-thirds of the senatorial candidates have no
knowledge about law.

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 MESSAGES

________3. Being lawyers means having rich background

knowledge on law.
________4. The lone lawyer among the candidates well be in
rank one.

SEND

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 MESSAGES

________5. The only lawyer in the group will not be number

one in the rank.

SEND

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HYPOTHESES
RALPH EVANDER B. IDUL, LPT