Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
BEHAVIOR GENETICS
OVULATION
UTERUS (Womb)
GENES
True Units of heredity as they determine the
inherited features and potentials of the new
developing organism.
Genes always work in pairs which comes from
mother and father. Sometimes paired genes are:
Identical- single type of gene determine features
and sometimes
(Polygenic)-NOT identical, interaction different
genes determine the physical features
……….MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
CHILD
BLUE EYES
……….MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
DOMINANT RECESSIVE
BROWN EYES OR DARK EYES BLUE OR LIGHT-COLORED EYES
DARK OR BUNETTE HAIR LIGHT, BLONDE, OR RED HAIR
CURLY HAIR STRAIGHT HAIR
NORMAL HAIR BALDNESS
NORMAL COLOR VISION COLOR BLINDNESS
NORMAL SIGHT NIGHT BLINDNESS
NORMAL HEARING CONGENITAL DISEASE
NORMAL SKIN COLOR ALBINISM
NORMAL BLOOD HEMOPHILIA
……….MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
CHILD
BROWN EYES
(GENOTYPE) (GENOTYPE)
BROWN EYES BLUE EYES
FATHER
(GENOTYPE) (PHENOTYPE) (PHENOTYPE)
BROWN EYES BROWN EYES BROWN EYES
MOTHER (GENOTYPE)
BLUE EYES
(PHENOTYPE)
BROWN EYES
(PHENOTYPE)
BLIUE EYES
LEGEND: G-GENOTYPE
BOTH FATHER AND MOTHER HAVE BROWN EYE AND BLUE EYE GENES. ON THE
AVERAGE, THREE OF THE CHILDREN WILL HAVE BROWN EYES (TWO OF THEM
NOW CARRIES THE BLUE EYE-GENE) AND ONE WILL HAVE BLUE EYES.
GENETIC ABNORMALITIES
Genes are genuine link to our ancestors since they
are passed from generation to generation.
If ABNORMALITIES have NOT been appearing in
the PREVIOUS GENERATION, their presence in NEW
GENERATION is due to….
MUTATION- A process where genes become
altered or damaged resulting in defective
characteristics.
GENETIC ABNORMALITIES
HUNTINGTONS DISEASE
REPLICATES
F. TWIN F. TWIN
A B
SEX DETERMINATION
The sex of the child is DETERMINE BY THE FATHER
and not by the mother.
Sex chromosomes are called Gonosomes
In females- XX
In male-Xy
“X is a LARGER chromosome y is SMALLER
chromosome”
MOTHER X X
(GIRL) (GIRL)
X XX XX
FATHER
(BOY) (BOY)
y Xy Xy
When it is the sperm carrying the X sex chromosome that
fertilizes the ovum, the resulting pair of sex chromosomes in the
zygote will be XX (Female).
COLOR NORMAL
BLIND COLOR VISION
COLOR
BLIND NO DOMINANT GENE
BECAUSE IT IS SMALL OR
FEWER
y Xy Xy
LEGEND: X- (RED) STANDS FOR GENE WITH RECESSIVE TRAIT (BALNESS)
MOTHER IS CARRIER OF RECESSIVE GENE (BALDNESS):
ON THE AVERAGE,
ONE OF THE MALE CHILDREN WILL BE BALD
ONE OF THE FEMALES NOW CARRIES THE BALDNESS RECESSIVE TRAIT
TWO OF THEM WILL BE FREE OF RECCESIVE GENE FOR BALNESS
HEMOPHILIA
ALBINISM
NATURE-NURTURE INTERACTIONS
ARNOLD GESELL
Thefirst psychologist to systematically investigate the
role of NATURE in behavior.
JOHN B. WATSON
Disagreed with Gesell, inferring from his experiments
on children that the ENVIRONMENT, not nature, shapes
development.
..NATURE-NURTURE INTERACTIONS
JEAN PIAGET
BOTH HEREDITY (NATURE) AND ENVIRONMENT
(NURTURE) jointly shape a person’s abilities, skills,
psychological characteristics and certainly the physical
traits as well.
EPIGENETIC APPROACH –Study of nature-nurture
interactions explains the sequence to be like this:
developed eyes, ears, nose, jaw, mouth and lips. Its tiny
arm have elbows, hands and stubby fingers; the legs
have knees, ankles and toes.
…..A. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
3.) FETUS- it the remaining 7 month period until birth.
The organ start to grow and to function.
By the end of 7 month, although still immature, the
organ systems are already functional, making
premature births capable of survival.
In the 8 and 9 months, the fetus can respond to light
strong preference
total fixation time
II.
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years old)- the child
develops an ability to think symbolically and to use
language but his thinking is still intuitive and egocentric
(self-centered)
Children conversation:
Miko: “My dad bought a new car”
Andre: “I’m going to have balloons on my birthday”
….B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Cognitive Development
III.
Concrete operational Stage (7-11 years old)-
become able to think logically, but only with real,
concrete objects-marble, sticks, tools, etc.-but not with
abstract concepts, like faith and freedom. There is too
reversibility of thought, like recognizing that if A is
equal to B, Then b is equal to A.
….B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Concrete operational Stage (Acquisition of Conservation)
….B. INFANCY AND CH
Cognitive Development
IV.
Formal Operational Stage (12 onwards)-
Children gain the ability to think logically
about abstract ideas. (Faith, Freedom)