3 Types of Rocks

3 types of rocks
3 types of rocks
• There are 3 types of
rocks found on Earth:
– Igneous
– Sedimentary
– Metamorphic
• Knowing the differences
between these 3 types
of rocks allows us to
learn about Earth’s past.
Igneous Rocks - Formation
• Igneous Rocks are
formed by melting,
cooling, and
crystallization of other
rocks.
• Igneous rocks form as a
result of volcanic
activity, hot spots, and
melting that occurs in
the mantle.
Igneous rocks
• Igneous rocks are common along plate
boundaries or mantle hot spots
Igneous Rocks - Classification
• Igneous rocks are classified
using their texture in the
following ways:
– Glassy
– Aphanitic (no visible crystals)
– Phaneritic (visible crystals)
– Porphyritic (Some visible and
some not visible crystals)
Igneous Rocks - Texture
• Crystal size is used to
classify igneous rocks.
• Crystals form as the
rock cools, and the
crystal size can tell us a
lot about its cooling
history:
– The larger the crystals,
the slower it cooled.
• Glassy igneous rocks
have no crystal
structure, and probably
formed by very rapid
cooling (such as on the
surface of a lava, or
when a lava enters the
water.)
• Aphanitic rocks have no
visible crystals, and
probably formed by fast
cooling above ground.
• Phaneritic rocks have
probably formed by
slow cooling below
ground.
• Porphyritic rocks have
both visible and
nonvisible crystals, and
probably formed by two
different cooling events.
• Dark igneous rocks are
formed from basaltic or
mafic magma. (Mafic
because it contains a lot
of magnesium and iron).
• The magma that forms
these rocks is usually very
hot (around 1000°C) and
viscous (about the same
viscosity as ketchup.)
• Light colored igneous
rocks are formed from
silicic (high silica content)
or felsic magmas.
• The magmas that form
these rocks is usually
more cool, (lower than
850°C), and more viscous
(about the viscosity of
peanut butter.)
Igneous rocks - Formations
• Structures and
formations seen
in igneous rocks
include:
– Hexagonal
columnar joints
– Pahoehoe lava
flows
– Dikes, sills, and
batholiths
(plutons)
– Pillow basalts
– Volcanoes
Igneous Rocks - Examples
• The most common
types of igneous rocks
include:
– Rhyolite
– Andesite
– Basalt
– Granite
– Diorite
– Gabbro
Igneous rocks charted
Igneous rocks - Story
• What do you know
about the history of the
Earth in the place
where this rock was
found?
Sedimentary Rocks - Formation
• Sedimentary rocks are
formed by weathering,
erosion, deposition,
compaction, and
cementation of other
rocks.
• Sedimentary rocks form
in areas where water,
wind, or gravity deposit
sediments.
Sedimentary rocks - formation
likely to form in areas
such as:
– Deltas
– Beaches
– Rivers
– Glaciers
– Sand dunes
– Shallow seas
– Deep oceans
Sedimentary rocks - Classification
classified into two
groups:
– Clastic rocks
– Chemically formed rocks
Sedimentary rocks – Classification
Clastic if they are made
of pieces of other rocks
that have been
weathered and eroded.
• Clastic rocks are
grouped based on the
size of grain that they
are made from.
• Very small particles
make up mudrock.
• Medium sized particles
make up sandstone.
• Large particles make up
conglomerates.
• Sedimentary rocks that
form from chemical
processes are called
biochemical rocks
(formed from living
things) or Chemical
precipitates (formed
from lakes or shallow
seas.)
Sedimentary rocks - formations
• Structures and
formations seen in
sedimentary rocks
include:
– Stratification
– Cross bedding
– Graded bedding
– Ripple marks
– Mud cracks
– Fossils
Sedimentary rocks - Examples
• Some of the most
common types of
sedimentary rocks
include:
– Conglomerate
– Sandstone
– Shale
– Limestone
– Gypsum
– Oolites
– Chert (including black
flint and red jasper)
Sedimentary rocks - Story
Earth in the place
where this rock was
found?
Metamorphic rocks - Formation
• Metamorphic rocks are
formed by heat and
pressure changing one
type of rock into
another type of rock.
• Metamorphic rocks
form near lava
intrusions, at plate
subduction zones, and
in deep mountain
roots.
• Lava intrusions can
provide heat that
causes metamorphic
rocks to form. These
small areas of
metamorphic rock form
from contact
metamorphosis.
• Rocks that
metamorphose
because of increasing
heat and pressure
found at plate
subduction zones and
in deep mountain
roots form large areas
of metamorphic rock
through regional
metamorphosis.
Metamorphic rocks - Classification
• Metamorphic rocks are
classified into 2 major
groups:
– Foliated
– Nonfoliated
Metamorphic rocks - Classification
• Foliated rocks form when
differential pressure causes
minerals to form in layers.
• These rocks will have
stripes or planes that they
will break easily along.
• These “stripes” don’t
usually line up with the
original bedding planes in
sedimentary rocks.
Metamorphic rocks
• Nonfoliated
metamorphic rocks
rocks form when
differential pressure
causes minerals to form
in layers.
Metamorphic rocks - Formations
• Structures and
formations seen in
metamorphic rocks
include:
– Folding
– Plastic deformation
– Stretching
– Alternating dark and
light layers (gneissic
foliation)
Metamorphic rocks - Examples
• Some common types of
metamorphic rock
include:
– Slate
– Schist
– Gneiss
– Amphibolite
– Marble
– Quartzite
– Metaconglomerate
Metamorphic rocks - Charted
Metamorphic rocks - story
Earth in the place
where this rock was
found?
Quiz in Earth and Life Science
1-3. Three types of

rocks
IGNEOUS ROCKS
METAMORPHIC
4. Igneous rocks have no

crystal structure, and
probably formed by very
rapid cooling
GLASSY
5. These are rocks that

formed by melting,
cooling, and
crystallization of other
rocks.
TRUE OR FALSE
6. The larger the
crystals, the faster it
cooled.
FALSE
7. These are igneous

rocks that have no
probably formed by fast
cooling above ground.
8. These are
sedimentary rocks that
are made of pieces of
other rocks that have
been weathered and
eroded.
9. Igneous rocks that
have both visible and
nonvisible crystals, and
probably formed by two
different cooling events.
PORPHYRITIC
10. These are rocks
formed by weathering,
erosion, deposition,
compaction, and
cementation of other
rocks.
rocks that have visible
crystals, and probably
formed by slow cooling
below ground.
PHANERITIC
12. These rocks are
formed by heat and
pressure changing one
type of rock into another
type of rock.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
rocks that are formed
from basaltic or mafic
magma.
DARK IGNEOUS
ROCKS/DARK COLORED
14-15. The composition
of basaltic or mafic
magma
IRON
MAGNESIUM
16. Large particles of
sediments make up what
type of sedimentary
rocks?
CONGLOMERATE(S)
rocks that are formed
from silicic.
LIGHT IGNEOUS
ROCKS/LIGHT COLORED
IGNEOUS ROCKS
18. Very small particles
of sediments make
up what type of
sedimentary rocks?
MUDROCK
19-20. Two major groups
of metamorphic rocks.
FOLIATED
NON-FOLIATED
21. Medium particles of
sediments make up what
type of sedimentary
rocks?
SANDSTONE
22. Sedimentary rocks
that form from chemical
processes.
BIOCHEMICAL ROCKS
23-24. Examples of
igneous rocks
– Rhyolite
– Andesite
– Basalt
– Granite
– Diorite
– Gabbro
– Pumice
25. Sedimentary rocks
that form from lakes or
shallow seas
CHEMICAL
PRECIPITATE(S)
26-27. Examples of
sedimentary rocks
– Conglomerate
– Sandstone
– Shale
– Limestone
– Gypsum
– Oolites
– Chert (including black flint and red jasper)
28. These are
metamorphic rocks that
form when differential
pressure causes minerals
to form in layers.
FOLIATED
29. These are
metamorphic rocks that
there is no “linear”
quality on the rocks.
NON-FOLIATED
30-31. Examples of
metamorphic rock
– Slate
– Schist
– Gneiss
– Amphibolite
– Marble
– Quartzite
– Metaconglomerate
32. Shale SLATE
33. Granite GNEISS
34. Limestone MARBLE
35. Sandstone
QUARTZITE
36-40. Draw/Illustrate
the “Rock Cycle”
41-45. What is the role
of sedimentary rocks in
Earth’s History?
46-50. Hold your paper.
Exchange it by column
Clockwise and you count until
9
*Rule of exchanging paper

3 Types of Rocks

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3 types of rocks

1-3. Three types of

4. Igneous rocks have no

5. These are rocks that

7. These are igneous

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