5th Generation

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The Fifth Generation Computer Systems [Present and
Beyond] (FGCS) was an initiative by Japan's Ministry of
International Trade and Industry, begun in 1982, to create a
computer using massively parallel computing/processing. It
was to be the result of a massive government/industry
research project in Japan during the 1980s. It aimed to
create an "epoch-making computer" with supercomputer-
like performance and to provide a platform for future
developments in artificial intelligence. There was also an
unrelated Russian project also named as a fifth-generation
computer (see Kronos (computer)).
In his "Trip report" paper,[1] Prof. Ehud
Shapiro (which focused the FGCS project
on concurrent logic programming as the
software foundation for the project)
captured the rationale and motivations
driving this huge project:
• "As part of Japan's effort to become a leader in the computer
industry, the Institute for New Generation Computer Technology
has launched a revolutionary ten-year plan for the development
of large computer systems which will be applicable to
knowledge information processing systems. These Fifth
Generation computers will be built around the concepts of logic
programming. In order to refute the accusation that Japan
exploits knowledge from abroad without contributing any of its
own, this project will stimulate original research and will make
its results available to the international research community."
The term "fifth generation" was intended to convey the system
as being a leap beyond existing machines. In the history of
computing hardware, computers using vacuum tubes were
called the first generation; transistors and diodes, the second;
integrated circuits, the third; and those using microprocessors,
the fourth. Whereas previous computer generations had
focused on increasing the number of logic elements in a single
CPU, the fifth generation, it was widely believed at the time,
would instead turn to massive numbers of CPUs for added
performance.
The project was to create the computer over a ten-
year period, after which it was considered ended and
investment in a new "sixth generation" project would
begin. Opinions about its outcome are divided: either
it was a failure, or it was ahead of its time. There are
many examples for fifth generation of computers.