THE SELF FROM THE

PERSPECTIVE OF
PSYCHOLOGY
HOLGADO, RUVEN JUDE B.
NICDAO, PAMELA BIANCA G.
RASTRULLO, MARK T.
TORREGOZA, RONEL LESTER A.
 William James
(1842-1910)

Philosopher and
Psychologist. He was
professor of
psychology and
philosophy at Harvard
University and was
known for being one of
the great pragmatists.
He is also known for his
Theory of the Self.
 human thoughts have five characteristics:
 1. All human thoughts are owned by
some personal self.
THE “ME” AND
THE “I”  2. All thoughts are constantly changing or
are never static.
 3. There is a continuity of thoughts as its
focus shifts from one object to another
 4. Thoughts deal with objects that are
different from and independent of
consciousness itself
 5. Consciousness can focus on particular
objects and not others.
The ME self is further divided into three
components:

 The Material self

 The Social self

 The Spiritual self

 Murray Bowen
(1913- 1990)
An American Psychiatrist and
Professor of psychiatry. He
was among those who
developed the Family
Therapy and Systemic
Therapy. In his theory, he
observed that there are two
forces affecting the person
which is togetherness and
individuality.
 Global And Differentiated Self Models

 global self
This affects how he views and feels about himself. The groups of
people that he interacts with every day of his life strongly influence him.

 Differentiated self
Recognizes his own personality and endowed with unique
characteristics. Being able to free himself from the influence of others allows
him to define himself.
 Carl Rogers
(1902 – 1987)

Was an American
psychologist who
proposed the
personality theory
known as the “Person-
Centered Theory”.
The Real Self -Concept And The Ideal Self-concept

 The real self-concept refers to all information and perception the person
has about himself. This is who he actually is and answers the question “who
am I ?”

 The ideal self- concept is the model version the person has of himself. This
idealized view was borne out of his experiences, standards and demands
of society, heroes, and models he chooses to imitate. (it aims for himself to
be) answers the question “who I wanted to be ?”
SELF DISCREPANCY THEORY OF HIGGINS (1987)

 People use internalized standards to compare themselves called self-

guides. Self- discrepancy may cause emotional discomfort to the
individual and can be manifested as guilt or worst as indifference.
 The Multiply Self Theory

 Being essentially connected to consciousness, awareness and agency. To

be considered a well-adjusted person, success and failures should be
accepted and understood.
 D.W. Winnicott
(1896- 1971)

An English pediatrician
and psychoanalyst
who studied child
development. Having
true and false selves
was observed from
children or people
through play.
The True and False Selves

 True self – an individual is creative, spontaneously experiencing each day

of their lives, appreciating being alive, real integrated and connected. To
the whole existence

 False self – manifested as a form of defense be manifested as a form of

defense. It lacks spontaneity, is dead and empty. It is the mask that hides
the true person for fear of the pain of rejection and failure.
 Albert Bandura
(1925-present)

a Canadian-American
psychologist, known as
the originator of social
learning theory
(renamed the social
cognitive theory).
THE SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC

 the person is seen as proactive and agentic which means that he has the
capacity to exercise control over his life. The human agency according to
Bandura is the essence of being human.

 The Social Cognitive Theory suggested that Bandura's (1989) human

beings are proactive, self-regulating, Theory of self-reflective and self-
organizing.
FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY

 Intentionality - refers to the actions performed by the person intentionally

or with full awareness of his behavior.
 Forethought - refers to the person's anticipation of likely outcomes of his
behavior.
 Self-reactiveness - refers to the process in which the person is motivated
and regulates his behavior as he observes his progress in achieving his
goals.
 Self-reflectiveness - refers to the person looking inward and evaluating his
motivations, values, life goals and other people's effect on him.
SELF-REGULATION

 The person engages in self-regulated behavior when he reactively

attempts to minimize the discrepancies between what he has already
accomplished and what he still wants to achieve. After seeing that he is at
the right track in achieving his goal he will also proactively set new and
higher goals for himself