ORGANA GENITALIA

MASKULINA
oleh
Dr. Hendra Sutardhio
Male Reproductive System

Figure 27.1
 Testis
Reproductive functions (produce sperm)
Sperm produced by seminiferous tubule
Endocrine functions (produce
testosterone)
Testosterone produced by Leydig cells
Thick connective tissue capsule: tunica
albuginea w/ fibrous incomplete septa
divide testis into lobules
Each lobule has 1-4 seminiferous tubules
with surrounding loose connective tissue,
vessels and interstitial cells of Leydig
 The Testes
Each testis is surrounded by two
tunics:
– The tunica vaginalis, derived from
peritoneum
– The tunica albuginea, the fibrous capsule
of the testis
Septa divide the testis into 250-300
lobules, each containing 1-4
seminiferous tubules
 Components of the
Seminiferous Tubule
Outer connective tissue layer of
fibroblasts and myoid cells (not in
humans)
Basal lamina
Epithelium with 2 major cell types
– Sertoli cells (supporting cells)
– Spermatogenic cells
Timing of Spermatogenesis
64 days required for cell to go from
spertogonia to spermatozoa
Different seminiferous tubules will be
at different stages of differentiation
Spermatozoa may be present in some
tubules and predominantly spermatids
or primary spermatocytes in others
 Spermatogonia
Small cell (12 µm dia) at basal lamina
Divide by mitosis and differentiate into
– Type A spermatogonia continue dividing;
oval nucleus light and dark types
– Type B spermatogonia undergo meiosis;
round nucleus, differentiate into primary
spermatocytes
Primary spermatocytes are large cells with
clumped chromatin in nucleus
Short-lived secondary spermatocytes give
rise to spermatids, small cells with
heterochromatic nuclei
Spermatids undergo spermiogenesis to form
spermatozoa
 Spermatogenic Cells

4-8 layers of cells dividing by mitosis

and meiosis to produce spermatozoa
3 phases of spermatogenesis
– spermatocytogenesis: spermatogonia
divide by mitosis giving rise to
spermatids
– spermatids go through meiotic divisions
giving rise to haploid spermatids
– spermiogenesis: spermatids
differentiate into spermatozoa
Spermatocytes to Spermatids

Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis

I, forming two haploid cells called
secondary spermatocytes
Secondary spermatocytes undergo
meiosis II and their daughter cells are
called spermatids
Spermatids are small round cells seen
close to the lumen of the tubule
Spermiogenesis: Spermatids to Sperm

Late in spermatogenesis, spermatids are haploid

but nonmotile
Spermiogenesis – spermatids lose excess
cytoplasm and form a tail, becoming sperm
Sperm have three major regions
– Head – contains DNA and has a helmetlike
acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that
allow the sperm to penetrate and enter the egg
– Midpiece – contains mitochondria spiraled
around the tail filaments
– Tail – a typical flagellum produced by a centriole
Spermiogenesis
Spermatid  spermatozoan
Spermiogenesis
Spermatid 
spermatozoan
Head
– Nucleus
– Acrosome (lysosome)
Midpiece
– Base of tail
– Mitochondria
Tail
– Long flagellum
SPERM STRUCTURE
 Sertoli Cells
Elongated supporting cells with base
at basal lamina and apex near lumen
of seminiferous tubule
Lateral processes surround
spermatogonia and spermatocytes
Nucleus euchromatic with distinct
nucleolus
Form blood testis barrier
Connected by gap junctions
Sustentacular cells
2 Sertoli cells with
associated
spermatogenesis cells.
 Interstitial Tissue

Between seminiferous tubules are

vessels, nerves, fibroblasts and other
connective tissue cells
After puberty Leydig cells
differentiate (testosterone producing
cells)
Leydig cells are eosinophilic and have
lots of SER and mitochondria with
tubular cristae
 Seminiferous Tubule
Stratified epithelium (since
spermatozoa line the lumenal
surface, this epithelium is just called
stratified), 150-250 µm dia, 30-70
cm long; over 250 m in each testis
End of each seminiferous tubule
changes to cuboidal epithelium of
tubuli recti, leading to rete testis,
efferent ducts and then epididymis
 Tubuli Recti

Short segment of duct at end of

seminiferous tubule
Lined by Sertoli cells that change to
cuboidal epithelial cells at ends
High glycogen amount in some species
Connective tissue sheath
 Rete Testis

Branched network of channels lined

with cuboidal epithelium
Some cells ciliated
Surrounded by connective tissue of
mediastinum
 Efferent Ducts

Tubules with nonciliated cuboidal cells

alternating with ciliated columnar cells
giving a scalloped look to epithelium
Nonciliated cells absorb fluids secreted
by seminiferous tubule cells
Beating of cilia helps sperm movement
Thin layer of smooth muscle outside
epithelium
Lead to epididymis
Duktus eferentes
 Ductus Epididymis 1
Highly coiled tube 4-6 m long
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
with stereocilia
Rounded basal cells and columnar
principal cells on a basal lamina
Thin connective tissue layer with
underlaying smooth muscle
Outer layer of connective tissue and
vessels
 Ductus Epididymis 2
Columnar principal cells have stereocilia
which are non-motile
Secretions thought to preserve sperm
function
Phagocytosis of residual bodies
released during spermatogenesis
Smooth muscle contractions for
peristalsis to move sperm through
 Ductus (Vas) Deferens
Straight tube from epididymis to prostatic
urethra
Narrow lumen with thick smooth muscle layer
Epithelium is pseudostratified columnar with
stereocilia
Lamina propria with connective tissue and
vessels
Smooth muscle layer has inner longitudinal,
middle circular and outer longitudinal layers
Part of spermatic cord
Dilated region, ampulla, just before junction
with prostatic urethra
Ductus deferens
Microscopic
anatomy
Pseudostratified
epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis
– Inner longitudinal
– Middle circular
– Outer longitudinal
Duktus Deferens
Ductus Deferens and Ejaculatory
Duct

Runs from the epididymis through the

inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity
Its terminus expands to form the ampulla
and then joins the duct of the seminal
vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct
Propels sperm from the epididymis to the
urethra
Vasectomy – cutting and ligating the
ductus deferens, which is a nearly 100%
effective form of birth control
Accessory Glands: Seminal Vesicles
Lie on the posterior wall of the bladder
and secrete 60% of the volume of semen
– Semen – viscous alkaline fluid containing
fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulating
enzyme (vesiculase), and prostaglandins
Join the ductus deferens to form the
ejaculatory duct
Sperm and seminal fluid mix in the
ejaculatory duct and enter the prostatic
urethra during ejaculation
Accessory Glands: Prostate Gland
Doughnut-shaped gland that encircles part
of the urethra inferior to the bladder
Its milky, slightly acid fluid, which
contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-
specific antigen (PSA), accounts for one-
third of the semen volume
Plays a role in the activation of sperm
Enters the prostatic urethra during
ejaculation
 Prostate 1

30-50 branched tubuloacinar glands with

ducts leading to prostatic urethra
Epithelium is simple columnar or
pseudostratified columnar
Tubuloacina glands surrounded by
fibromuscular stroma and smooth muscle
Prostatic fluid stored for release during
ejaculation
 Prostate 2

Secretions include amylase, proteases,

acid phosphatase and lipids
Past age 40 glands hypertrophy which
can lead to urethral blockage or cancer
Prostatic concretions found in gland
lumens increase with age, function
unknown
Glandula prostat
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Glands

Tubuloacinar glands with simple

cuboidal mucous cells and ducts joining
just after prostate
Gland acini surrounded by smooth
muscle
Secretion is clear mucous released
during sexual arousal for lubrication
 The Penis
A copulatory organ designed to deliver
sperm into the female reproductive
tract
Consists of an attached root and a free
shaft that ends in the glans penis
Prepuce, or foreskin – cuff of skin
covering the distal end of the penis
– Circumcision – surgical removal of the
foreskin after birth
 Penis 1

3 cylindrical masses of highly

vascularized erectile tissue
– 2 corpora cavernosa are dorsal
– 1 corpus spongiosum is ventral and
surrounds urethra
Urethra
Surrounding connective tissue
Outer covering of skin
 Penis 2

Erectile tissue consists of venous

spaces lined by unfenestrated
endothelium and separated by septa of
connective tissue and smooth muscle
Blood flows into venous spaces during
erection and smooth muscle contraction
slows outflow of blood
 Male Sexual Response
Erection is initiated by sexual stimuli
including:
– Touch and mechanical stimulation of the
penis
– Erotic sights, sounds, and smells
Erection can be induced or inhibited
solely by emotional or higher mental
activity
Impotence – inability to attain erection
 Ejaculation
The propulsion of semen from the male
duct system
At ejaculation, sympathetic nerves
serving the genital organs cause:
– Reproductive ducts and accessory organs
to contract and empty their contents
– The bladder sphincter muscle to constrict,
preventing the expulsion of urine
– Bulbospongiosus muscles to undergo a rapid
series of contractions
– Propulsion of semen from the urethra
 Semen
Milky white, sticky mixture of sperm and
accessory gland secretions
Provides a transport medium and nutrients
(fructose), protects and activates sperm, and
facilitates their movement
Prostaglandins in semen:
– Decrease the viscosity of mucus in the cervix
– Stimulate reverse peristalsis in the uterus
– Facilitate the movement of sperm through the
female reproductive tract
 Urethra

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

(nonciliated) through most
In the glans (distal urethra) it is
stratified squamous
Mucous glands of Littre found along
urethra in lamina propria and
subepithelial connective tissue
 The Scrotum
Sac of skin and superficial fascia that
hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity
at the root of the penis
Contains paired testicles separated by
a midline septum
Its external positioning keeps the
testes 3C lower than core body
temperature (needed for sperm
production)
 The Scrotum
Intrascrotal temperature is kept
constant by two sets of muscles:
– Dartos – smooth muscle that wrinkles
scrotal skin
– Cremaster – bands of skeletal muscle that
elevate the testes
The Scrotum