THE MAKING OF RIZAL LAW

RA 1425 Rizal Law

House Bill No. 5561
Senate Bill No. 438

The original author was Claro M. Recto.

Senator Jose P. Laurel prepared the compromised bill.
On June 12 1957 RA 1425 came into effect.
RA 1425 requires all schools, colleges and universities to
teach Rizal life and works. And to keep in their libraries the
copies of Rizal’s novel.
Rizal Law aims the following
• To recognize the relevance of Rizal’s ideals, thoughts, teaching
and life values to present conditions in the community and the
country and apply them in the solution of the day to day situations
and problems of contemporary life;
• To develop understanding and appreciation of the qualities ,
behavior and character of Rizal, as well as his thoughts and ideas,
thus foster the development of moral character , personal
discipline , citizenship and vocational efficiency; and
• To comply with the patriotic objectives of the Rizal Law given by
the late Senator Jose P. Laurel
National Historical Commission came out of the following
personal characteristics to be examined before one
could considered a hero:
1. The extends of person’s sacrifices for the welfare of
the country.
2. Motives and methods employed in attainment the of
the ideal.
3. The moral character of the person;
4. The influence of the person to his age and to the
succeeding eras
Filipino historical figures recommended as a National
Heroes
• Jose Rizal
• Andres Bonifacio
• Emilio Aguinaldo
• Apolinario Mabini
• Marcelo H. del Pilar
• Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat
• Juan Luna
• Melchora Aquino
• Gabriela Silang
Laws Honoring Filipino Historical Figures

 Act No. 345, Decree of December 20,

1898, Issued by Emilio Aguinaldo ,
declared December 30 as every year a
day of national mourning in honor of Dr.
Jose Rizal and other victims of Philippine
Revolution.
 Act No. 137, Which organized the politico
military district of Morong into the Province
of Rizal.
• Act No. 2946, enacted by the Philippine
Legislator on February 16, 1921, made
November 30 of each year as a legal
holiday to commemorate the birth of
Andres Bonifacio.

Act No. 2760, issued on February 23,

1918, confirmed and ratified all steps
taken for the creation , maintenance,
improvement of national monuments and
particularly the erection of a monument to
the memory of Andres Bonifacio.
• Act No. 3827, enacted by the Philippine
Legislator on October 28, 1931, declared
the last Sunday of August of every year
as a National Heroes Day.

Proclamation No. 510, issued by Pres.

Fidel V. Ramos on November 30, 1994,
declared 1996 as the year of Filipino
Heroes as a tribute to all Filipinos who
directly and indirectly, gave impetus to
the cause of freedom, justice, Philippine
independence and nationhood.
• R.A. No. 9070, April 8, 2001, declaring
December 8, every year as a special
public working holiday throughout the
country to be known as Graciano Lopez
Jaena Day.

R.A. No. 6701, February 10, 1989,

declaring September 1 of every year, as
the death anniversary of Gregorio Aglipay
y Labayan, as Gregorio L. Aglipay Day
and a non working day in the Municipality
of Batac, Province of Ilocos.
• R.A. No. 7285, March 24, 1992, declaring
February 19 of each year as Doña Aurora
Aragon Quezon Day, a special non
working holiday in the Province of Aurora
to commemorate the birth of Aurora
Aragon Quezon as the first president of
Philippine National Red Cross, and the
Foundation Day of the Province.
• R.A. No. 7805, September 1, 1994, declaring
January 1998 of every year as a non working special
public holiday in the City of Cavite to be known as a
Julian Felipe Day.

R.A. No. 7950, March 25, 1995, declaring December

18 of every year as Araw ng Laguna and a special
working day in the Province of Laguna and the City of
San Pablo to commemorate the memory and death
of the late Governor Felicisimo T. San Luis.
• R.A. No. 9067, April 8, 2001, declaring April 15 of
every year as President Manuel A. Roxas Day
which shall be observed as a special working
public holiday in the Province of Capiz and the
City of Roxas.
CHILDHOOD YEARS
Rizal at 11 years old Rizal at 18 years old
 The Birth of Rizal
• Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba,
Laguna.
• Rizal was named after St. Joseph, The Patron Saint of
Laborers and Soldiers, While the second name Protasio
was the name of the former Bishop of Milan Italy.
• He was baptized on June 22, 1861 at the Catholic Church
in Calamba by the parish priest Father Rufino Collantes.
• His Godfather was Father Pedro Casañas.
 Rizal’s Family
• Rizal was of Chinese ancestry. His Father Francisco
Mercado was a descendant of Domingo Lam Co , an
immigrant from Fujian, China. He married Ines de la
Rosa.
• His son Juan Mercado Rizal’s Grandfather took the
surname Mercado, which means Market, when
Claveria Decree of 1849 was issued.
• June 28, 1848 . Francisco Mercado and Teodora
Alonzo got married.
Francisco Mercado (1818-
1898)
He was born in Biñan, Laguna
on May 11, 1818.
He took up Philosophy and Latin
in the College of San Jose.
His parents were Juan Mercado
and Cirila Alejandra
Rizal’s described his Father in his diary

“My Father, had given us an education

commensurate with our small fortune and through
thrift, he was able to build a stone house, buy
another and made a little nipa hut in the middle of
our orchard under the shade of fruit trees.”
 Teodora Alonso Realonda
(1827-1911)
She born in Sta. Cruz, Manila
on November 14, 1827.
She studied at Colegio de Santa
Rosa.
Her parents were Lorenzo
Alberto Alonso and Brigida de
Quintos
Rizal’s Described her Mother as:

“ not a woman of ordinary culture, she knows

literature and speak Spanish better than do I. She
even corrected my poems and gave me wise advise
when I was studying rhetoric. She is a mathematician
and has read many books.”
 Saturnina (1850-1913)
Was the Eldest child of
Francisco and Teodora.
Her nickname was Neneng.
Married to Manuel T.
Hidalgo of Tanuan,
Batangas.
 Paciano (1851- 1930)
Eldest brother of Jose and his
confidante. Has a daughter to
Severina Decena name Emilia
Rizal said married to her first
cousin Antonio Lopez son of
Narcisa.
He died at the age of 79 on April
13, 1930.
“ Paciano is more refined and
serious than I, taller, more slender,
and fairer in complexion than I with a
nose that is fine, beautiful and sharp
pointed, but he is bow-legged”
 Narcisa (1852- 1939)
Known as Sisa, married to
Antonio Lopez, a teacher
from Morong , Antonio
Lopez was said to be the
son of Father Leoncio
Lopez of, the parish priest
of Calamba.
 Olympia (1855- 1887)
Known as Ypia. Married to
Silvistre Ubaldo, A telegraph
operator from Manila. She died
of child birth in 1887.
 Lucia (1857- 1919)
She was married to Mariano
Herbosa of Calamba. Who was
the nephew of Father Casañas.
Herbosa died because of
cholera in 1889 and denied
Christian burial by the Spanish
Priest.
 Maria ( 1859- 1945)
Her nickname is Biang.
Married to Daniel Faustino
Cruz of Biñan, Laguna
Jose (1861- 1896)
His Parents called
him Pepito or Pepe
and Ute by his
brother and sisters.
He was born on
June 19, 1861
 Concepion (1862- 1865)
Known as Concha,
died at the age of
three because of
colebrang ahas a
form of Leprosy. Her
death was the first
sorrow of Rizal
 Josefa ( 1865- 1945)
Known as Panggoy.
President of women
chapter of Katipunan, died
unmarried.
 Trinidad ( 1868- 1951)
A member of Katipunan,
unmarried died at the age of
83. Trining was her
nickname.
 Soledad ( 1870- 1929)
Known as Choleng.
Married to Pantaleon
Quintero of Calamba.
Youngest of the Rizal
children.
Rizal’s Letter to her sisters:

I urge you to take care, serve and love our parents,

as you would like your children later take care of,
serve and love you in your old age. May you live
united and forgive one another’s misunderstanding
and slight faults, the natural thorns of life because it
is a displeasure for the parents to see that their
children are not living in harmony.
 The Town of Calamba
• Calamba is from the word Calambanga which is a
term for a locally produced jar.
• Memorias de un estudiante was written by Rizal
when he was seventeen. He used a pen name P.
Jacinto.
• Un Recuerdo de mi Pueblo Rizal wrote this poem
when he was fifteen. Immortalizing his town.
• Lucas Padua and Leon Monroy were Rizal’s teachers
who taught him Latin Language and Math.

Sa Aking mga Kabata poem wrote by Rizal when he was

only eight years old.

Gregorio Alberto Uncle of Rizal who was a lover books.

Taught Jose to work hard and think for himself.

His Uncle Jose encourage him to sketch and paint, sculpt.

Uncle Manuel taught him swimming, fencing, wrestling and
other sports.
 Formal Education
• In June 1870, Paciano brought his younger brother to
the school of Maestro Justiano Aquino Cruz of Biñan.
Jose was nine years old of that time.
• In December 1871 he bade farewell to his classmates
and teacher.
 A Tale of Injustice
• Doña Teodora was arrested and thrown to the
common jail.
• Teodora was seized and made to walk the fifty
kilometers to the provincial jail in Sta Cruz.
• Antonio Vivencio del Rosario a fanatical mayor
who arrested Teodora Alonso.
• Teodora was defended by two lawyers namely
Manuel Marzan and Francisco de Marcaida.
“One gathers from Rizal’s own account of his boyhood that he was
brought up in circumstances that even in the Philippines of our day
would be considered privileged. Rizal’s father became one of the
town’s wealthiest men, the first to build a stone house and buy another,
keep a carriage, own a library, and send his children to school in
Manila. Jose himself had an aya, that is to say, a nanny or personal
servant, although he had five elder sisters who , in less affluent
circumstances, could have been expected to look after him. His father
engaged a private tutor for him. Later, he would study in private
schools, go to the university, finish his course abroad. It was the classic
method for producing a middle class intellectual, and it does much to
explain the puzzling absence of any real consciousness.
 THE GOMBURZA MARTYRDOM

ABSOLUTISM vs. LIBERALISM

In 1808, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Spain, He

deposed King Ferdinand VII and installed his brother
Joseph as the new King.
In 1812, King Ferdinand gathered at the city of Cadiz
and draw the Cadiz Constitution.
Ventura de los Reyes was the Philippine
representative to Spanish Cortes. He helped draft
the Cadiz Constitution.
In 1814, King Ferdinand assumed the power and
immediately annulled the Cadiz Constitution.
In 1833 when Ferdinand VII died he left the throne to
his daughter Isabella.
September 18, 1868, The Spanish navy and Army
gathered in Cadiz and overthrown Isabella.
Carlos Ma. De la Torre was appointed as the new
Governor General of the Philippine but his term of
office was short because the Liberals of Spain were
ousted from the Government of Spain. During his
tenure in the Philippines he flaunted his Liberalism
with ardor and elegance. In Manila he was seen
walking without an escort, consorting with Filipino
and Mestizos and allowed himself to be serenaded
by the local Liberals, Filipinos and Creoles.
He abolished censorship of the press, encouraged
freedom of speech and assembly.
Substituted imprisonment for flagging as punishment
in the army, and settled an agrarian revolt in Cavite
by pardoning the rebels and organizing them into a
special police force.
He listened to the protests of his friends among the
native seculars, Burgos, Zamora, Gomez and etc.
 The Cavite Mutiny

• In 1871, General de la Torre term was cut short

because the Liberals were once again ousted from
the power in Spain.
• He was replaced by Governor General Rafael
Izquierdo. Who was a though general.
• Immediately upon his assumption from office he
declared that he would “ govern with cross in one
hand and a sword in the other.
• In January 20, 1872, less than two months after the
issuance of his decree. Filipinos station in Fort San
Felipe mutinied. The mutiny was lead by Sergeant
Lamadrid.
Lt. Col. Horacio Salas prevented the mutiny.
General Felipe Genores Espinar was sent by Gov.
General Izquierdo to stop the mutineers and arrest
the involve in the mutiny.
In June 23, 1872, the remaining mutineers
surrendered.
 Arrest and Conviction of the GomBurZa
Hours after the failed mutiny, arrest warrants were
released and against the mutineers. Filipinos,
Creoles and Meztizos were arrested. They were
Father Gomez, Burgos, Zamora, Mendoza, Sevilla,
Dandan , Del Pilar and Desiderio. Civilians like
Jaoquin Pardo De Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor,
Jose Basa and Enrique Paraiso were taken into
Custody.
 Padre Jose Burgos
• Was born in Vigan , on February 9
1837, he studied at San Juan de
Letran at the age of eight.
• He finished his doctoral degrees in
Theology and Canon Law at
University of Santo Tomas.
• He became curate of Manila
Cathedral active member of
secularization movement under
father Pedro Pelaez.
 Padre Mariano Gomez
• Was born on August 12, 1799.
at the time of his death he was
73 years old. He studied at the
Colegio de San Juan de Letran
and Universidad de Santo
Tomas were finished his
Bachelor of Theology and
Bachelor of Canon Law.
• He became a parish priest of
Bacoor, Cavite
 Padre Jacinto
Zamora
• He was born in August 14, 1835.
a native of Pandacan Manila. He
studied at Colegio de San Juan
de Letran were he took up
Bachelor of Arts.
• He finished his Bachelor of
Canon Law at University of Sto.
Tomas.
• He was described as a
troublesome character.
Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo relied solely on the decision of the
tribunal who litigated the GomBurZa case. The Manila
correspondent La Iberia summarized the theory of the
prosecution. Three groups, it claimed , were involved in the
mutiny. The Military group was in charge of seducing the
soldiers in joining the rebellion, the second group, native
seculars who were in sole contact with the third group the
wealthy liberals and progressives leads by four lawyers.
The accused were assigned army officers as lawyers. These
lawyers were given 24 hours to prepare for the defense of their
clients.
 The Execution
• Gov. General Izquierdo requested the Archbishop of
Manila Gregorio Meliton Martinez to defrock the
three priest but he refused.
• The three priest were striped of their priestly
garments and were chained hand and foot.
• The news of the judgment spread rapidly.
Thousands of Filipinos gathered in the Bagumbayan
where the execution would take place .
• Saldua was the first to be executed. The next one
to die , Father Gomez held his head high, blessing
the Filipinos who knelt at his feet, baring their
hands and praying.
• Father Zamora went up the scaffold with vacant
eyes. without a word, he delivered his body to the
executioner.
• Father Burgos was weeping like a child, was made
to endure the cruelty of having to watch the death
of his companions.
Rizal at the Ateneo Municipal
Scholars of the Manila Athenaeum belonging to the
congregation of the Virgin
The Sacred Heart of Jesus (Central Figure)
The Power of Science over Death (Left);
The Power of Death Over Life (Right)
 Rizal at the Ateneo Municipal
• June 10, 1872 Paciano accompanied Jose to Colegio
de San Juan de Letran to take the entrance
examination.
• Francisco the father of Jose later instructed Paciano to
enroll Jose in Ateneo Municipal ( Escuela Pia).
• Paciano secured the help of Manuel Xeres Burgos to
admit Jose in Ateneo Municipal.
• Jose enrolled under the surnames of Rizal and
Mercado.
 Interest in Reading
• The Count of Monte Cristo. An adventure novel by
Alexander Dumas. It tell the story of Edmund Dantes . It is
about the justice, hope, mercy, forgiveness, vengeance and
death. The book become Rizal first favorite novel.
• Universal History. Authored by Cesar Cantu. The book is
rich in historical facts about world history.
• Travels in the Philippines. By Teodor Jagor . The
observation of Jagor about the weakness of the Spanish
authorities in the governing the Phil.
 Poems composed by Rizal in Ateneo
1875
• Felicitacion. He dedicated this poem to Antonio Lopez
his Brother in Law. He composed this poem when he
was 14.
• El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes. This
poem was composed on Dec of 1875, it give tribute to
the voyage of Magellan to the Philippines.
• EL Cuateverio y el Triunfo. This poem was dated Dec
3 1875 it is about the triumph of Don Diego and the
Count of Cabra as they defeated the last kingdom of
Muslim in Granada.
• Y Es Español: Elcano el Primero en dar la Vuelta al
Mundo.
( Elcano was a Spaniard, the first to Circumnavigate the
Earth) he wrote this poem on December 5 1875.

• El Combate: Urbiztondo Terror de Jolo ( The battle

Urbiztondo , terror of Jolo). Rizal hailed Governor General
Urbiztondo for his successful battles against the Muslims
in Mindanao.
1876
• Un Recuerdo a mi Pueblo( In the memory of My Town). In
this poem Rizal expressed his appreciation and love to
hometown and birthplace.
• Por la Educación Recibe Lustre la Patria( Through
Education Our Motherland Receives Light). Rizal
composed this poem in 1876. he advocate the importance
of Education. He compared Education with goodness of
light, wisdom, hope , peace and truth.
• Entrada Triumfal de los Reyes Catolicos en
Granada(Triumphal Entry of the Catholic Kings in
Granada). Another literary piece showing Rizal’s love for
history.
• Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Educación(
Intimate Alliance between Religion and Education) Rizal
wrote this poem in April of 1876. In this piece , he
expressed his beliefs that in attaining excellent education,
a student must give importance to religion, by following
God’s teachings, to him to attain the totally of the man.
• A la Virgen de Antipolo ( To the Virgin of Antipolo) This poem
was composed by Rizal on April 19, 1876. he dedicated this to
the revered mother of Jesus Christ.
1877
• Heroismo ( Heroism) The poem was written in Ateneo steering
the theme on how to conquer death.
• Colon y Juan ( Columbus and John II ) One of the epic poem
written by Rizal celebrating the loyalty and obedience of
Christopher Columbus to the Catholic faith and Spain.
• Gran Consuelo en la Mayor Dedicha ( Great Solace in the
Greatest Misfortune) this poems show the troubles and
sadness of Columbus as he traveled to the sea and lost his
precious ship
 A Distinguished Organization Member
Marian Congregation and Apostleship of Prayer. This
organization accepted members who received excellence in
both academic performance and in religion.
Academy of Spanish Literature and Academy of Natural
Science. Only Ateneans who had excellent academic
performance in subject covering literature and science were
accepted and became full fledged members of these
organizations.
 Academic Performance

Jose Rizal was only 16 when he graduated at the

Ateneo Municipal on March 23, 1877 with the
highest honor in the class, earning him the degree of
Bachelor of Arts. Today, Rizal is recognized as the
greatest alumnus of the Atene de Manila University.
 1872 Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . .Excellent
1872-1873 Latin 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . "
Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

1873-1874 Latin 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . Excellent

Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

1874-1875 Latin 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . Excellent

Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
Greek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
General History . . . . . . . . . . . "
Hist. of Spain and Phil. . . . . . . "
Arithmetic and Algebra . . . . . . "
1875-1876 Rhetoric and Poetry . . . .
Excellent
French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
Geometry and Trigonometry . . . "

1876-1877 Philosophy 1 . . . . . . . . .
Excellent
Mineralogy and Chemistry . . . . . "
Philosophy 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
Physics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
Botany and Zoology. . . . . . . . . "
Bachelor in Arts. . . . . . . . . . . . "
Rizal at the University of Santo Tomas
UST, Intramuros
Rizal at 18 years old
After Rizal’s graduation from Ateneo Municipal, his Father
decided to send him for higher education in Manila. Doña
Teodora was vocal in her opposition to that decision. In his
letter to Blumentritt , Rizal confided that he will never forget
what his mother told Don Francisco:

Don’t send him to Manila any longer ; he knows enough ; if he

gets to know more , they will cut off his head.
Rizal the Surveyor and Assessor

While enrolled in Medicine, Rizal spares some time to study

Surveying at the Ateneo. He found the course interesting
enough that he finished it in one year.
In 1878 Rizal took the examination the age of 17 but was not
conferred the license because he was underage. It was Don
Eustaquio Villablanca Mendoza who certified Rizal as a
expert Surveyor.
Experience of Spanish Brutality

• One night in 1878, while he was walking alone

alone the dark street, Rizal failed to recognize the
Spanish constabulary lieutenant who is passing by
his side. He failed to bow, salute or greet the soldier
who promptly cut him with the native whip ( buntot
pagi) across his back, threw him in jail despite his
wound, and threatened him with deportation.
• He went to the Governor General Primo de Rivera
to complain about the incident. Instead the
Governor General reprimanded Rizal and
dismissed him with an admonition that he should
be thankful that he is still alive.
 Segunda Katigbak
• She was Rizal’s first
love.
• Coded as K , Rizal met
her on December 7,
1877.
• She was already
engaged and about to
marry Manuel Luz.
 Leonor Valenzuela
• She was from Pansanjan
, Laguna.
• Daughter of Juan
Valenzuela and Sanday
Valenzuela.
• Studied at Colegio de La
Concordia.
 Leonor Rivera
• Known to be the eternal
love of Rizal.
• She was born on April
11, 1867 in Camiling
Tarlac.
• Coded as Taimis.
• The woman who could
be Mrs. Rizal.
• Married to Charles
Henry Kipping.
Artistic Works

Liceo Artistico Literario de Manila , an association of art

lovers in the City, held regular literary contest to encourage
production of literary works among the residents.
In 1879 , it sponsored a contest in poetry , writing
composition, with the special prize exclusive for Filipinos and
Mestizos .
Rizal submitted his A La Juventud Filipina( To the Filipino
youth) the jury who were all Spanish gave the poem a
special prize, a silver quill.
 To The Philippine Youth
English version

Hold high the brow serene

O youth, where now you strand
Let the bright be sheen
Of your grace be seen
Fair hope of my fatherland!

Come now, thou genius grand

And bright down inspiration;
With the mighty hand,
Swifter than the wind volition,
Raise the eager mind to higher
station.
See down with pleasing light
Of art and science to the flight
O youth , and there unite
The chains that heavy lie
Your spirit free to bright
This Poem of Rizal was considered by most
historians as Rizal’s first open declaration of his
nationalism. In this poem, his calling upon his fellow
to seek fame through the arts.
In 1880, Liceo sponsored another competition in
honor of the 264th death anniversary of Don
Miguel Cervantes. Rizal submitted a allegorical
drama entitled El Consejo de los Dioses( The
Councel of Gods) the first prize was awarded to
Rizal.
 Characters of the Council of Gods
1. Jupiter, the powerful god in the play.
2. Juno, the jealous wife of Jupiter. She presented the
of Homer entitled Odyssey
3. Mercury, son of Jupiter who was responsible for
ordering thunderbolts of his father.
4. Venus, sister of Juno who open argues with her.
She insisted the importance of the play of Virgil(
Aeneid)
.
1. Momus, argues with Juno in the meeting of the gods , in
return Juno call her ugly.
2. Minerva, was called wise Pellas and introduced the play of
the Cervantes.
3. Apollo, supported Minerva in her introduction of Don
Quixote.
4. Mars, with utmost madness opposed the recognition of
Cervantes
5. Justice, uses impartial balance in the play , he declared
Don Quixote and Aeneid as equal in aesthetic work
.
A Thomasian and an Active Atenean

Even as a Thomasian, Rizal continued his active connection

with Ateneo. He was of the president of the Academy of
Spanish Literature and secretary of Academy of Natural
Sciences and a member of the Marian Congregation.
Rizal also composed literary works while an active alumnus of
Ateneo Municipal and medical student of UST.
HE WROTE THE FOLLOWING ARTISTIC PIECE
WHILE IN UST.

Junto al Pasig( beside Pasig) this drama was staged

at the Ateneo by the member of Academy of Spanish
Literature.
A Filipinas ( To the Philippines) a sonnet that
dedicated to the Society of Sculptures in 1880.
Abd – el – Aziz y Mohammed. This poem was
declaimed by Manuel Fernandez , an Ateneo
student. This piece recalls the struggle between the
Spanish people and the Moors in Spain. He
composed in December 8, 1879.

Al M.R.P. : Rizal gave honor to the kind priest who

had guided his spirit and polished his intelligence.
Rizal wrote this poem in January 25, 1881.
 Scholastic Records at the UST
1877- 1878 Philosophy and Letters
Cosmology and Metaphysics Excellent
Theodicy Excellent
History of Philosophy Excellent

1878-1879( First year Medicine)

Physics Fair
Chemistry Excellent
Natural History Fair
Anatomy Good
Dissection Good

1779- 1880 ( Second Year Medicine)

Anatomy 2 Good
Dissection 2 Good
Physiology Good
Private Hygiene Good
Public Hygiene Good
1880-1881 (Third Year Medicine)
General Pathology Fair
Therapeutics Excellent
Surgery Good

1881-1882 (Third Year Medicine)

Medical Pathology Very Good

Surgical Pathology Very Good
Obstetrics Very Good
Rizal at 25 years old Rizal at 35 years old
1. What was the significance of Rizal’s triumph in
several prestigious literary competitions during that
time?
2. Compare the grades of Rizal in Ateneo and UST.
State your observations and comments on the
difference of Rizal’s two sheets of grades?
Sri Lanka
Barcelona
France
Italy
Egypt
Singapore
The Departure to Europe
• On May 1, 1882, Paciano woke Rizal up early
and gave him the money he was able to raise
for the trip, 356. 00. A carromota , a local
transportation that would take Rizal to Biñan.
• Jose Rizal passport , as Paciano had planned ,
was in the name of Jose Mercado.
• While waiting for the trip, Rizal visited his friends in
Manila. First , he met Mateo Evangelista who
introduced him to the ship’s Captain named Donato
Lecha. Then he met another friend , Pedro Paterno
who asked him to take family photographs and
some tins of tea to his brother in Spain. He also
bade farewell to Father Agustin Saez.
May 3, 1882, Departure for Europe

• At 5:00 a.m., Rizal heard a Mass at the Sto. Domingo

Church. It was Rizal last mass before leaving the
country. the same morning , the steamship Salvadora
left the Philippines with student Rizal who embarked on
a mission for his motherland in Europe.
• At first Rizal was lonely, being the only Filipino among
the ship’s thirty seven passengers.
• While at sea , Rizal wrote a letter to his parents stating
his mission to fulfill for the Philippines.
 Singapore

• The British Colony of Singapore was the first stopover of

Salvadora on May 9, 1882. This was the first Asian country
that Rizal had set foot on. He stayed there for two days where
he visited a botanical garden, historic places and shopping
areas. He had the usual experiences the driver of his carriage
tried to cheat him, he was besieged by beggars and paddlers
but he bought only a comb and a cane.
 Sri Lanka
On May 17, 1882 , Djemnah arrived at the Point Galle,
an English colony which Rizal described as a tropical
vegetation formed by elegant palm. Rizal with his
Dutch friends, saw at Galle a Buddha, lying on its side
with emerald for eyes. They arrived in Colombo, the
capital of Ceylon the following day.
For Rizal Colombo is more beautiful , smart and elegant
than Singapore. He visited the post office , telegraph
building, the country’s saving bank and the Galle Face
Hotel where the molded statue of Sir Edward Barnes
is located in honor of the British Stateman.
 Africa
On May 26, Rizal saw for the first time the African
Continent while entering the Cape of Guardafui. He
described the places as an arid, dry rock, without a
single leaf. His next stop was in Aden. This was the
first time that Rizal set foot on an African soil.
He saw a caravan of camel and donkeys the sights of
which reminded him of the Three Kings from the east.
From Aden , a ship Djemnah arrived at the town of
Suez in Egypt on June 2, 1882. where it was
quarantined for 24hours.
Thereafter, the ship traversed the Suez Canal for
5 days. Rizal described the canal in his diary as:
The Canal is about forty yards wide so that two ships
abreast can go through it. At its maximum length it is
85 kilometers . In General , its low and irregular
banks are desert sandy, yellowish, devoid of any
vegetation.
The Suez Canal which opened in 1869 was
designed by French engineer Ferdinand de
Lesseps. It shortened travel to Europe from three
months to one month.
 ITALY

At 6:30 a.m. on June 12, 1882. a Sunday , the ship

Djemnah arrived at Napoli. The ship Captain allowed
the passengers to moved around the place for one
hour and half. With this opportunity , Rizal never
wasted time to explore the first European territory in
his sight. He was amazed impressed of what he saw.
 France

After a brief stop at Napoli, the French ship proceeded

to the port Marseilles and arrived there on June 12,
1882. it was the end of the voyage.
He was enchanted by France; the houses were tall and
lovely. He went the tourist around. He visited Chateua
d’ If were Dantes the hero of Count of Monte Cristo
was imprisoned.
He stayed in Marseilles for two and half days. In the
afternoon of June 15, 1882, Rizal left Marseilles by
train bound to Barcelona , Spain. He noted down his
expenses and found himself with only fifteen pesos
left.
On June 16 , 1882, Rizal arrived in Barcelona.
Barcelona: First Impression

Rizal arrived in Barcelona, the Capital of Spanish

Province Cataluña. It was Spain second largest city.
Comparing with other European countries, he saw that
it was dark, dirty, and ugly. It was so different in
Marseilles where custom officials had been very
polite.
1. Why did Rizal’s mother object to her son’s
further education? Was she justified? Explain.
2. How did his voyage to Europe change Rizal?
3. What was his initial impressions of Barcelona?
4. Why did Paciano decide to keep Rizal’s trip to
Europe a secret?
Rizal in Madrid
Barcelona

• Rizal stayed in Barcelona for the duration of

the summer vacation. He met Tomas
Cabangis and other former classmates in
Ateneo Municipal who gave a party at the
Plaza de Cataluña.
• Rizal’s transferred to another boarding house
located at Calle de Sitjes. He was treated well by
the landlady, Señorita Silvestra, who called him
Don Pepe.
• Rizal wrote the essay entitled Amor Patrio under
the penname Laong Laan( Ever Prepared).
• Amor Patrio appeared in El Diariong Tagalog, a
local newspaper in Manila, on August 20, 1882.
its editor, Francisco Calvo , requested Rizal to
contribute more articles because the article
received favorable reviews from newspapers
readers.
• Rizal submitted two more articles for El Diariong
Tagalog. These were entitled Los Viajes ( The
Travels), Revista de Madrid ( Review of
Madrid). The last article was never printed
because the Diario went out of business.
• Rizal found Barcelona as a pleasant place and
he intended to stay in the city to continue his
study in the field of Medicine. However , his
brother did not approved his plan.

• With the end of summer vacation, Rizal

proceeded to Madrid to follow his brother
advise.
• He enrolled in Universidad Central de Madrid in
November 3, 1882. he took two courses, Medicine
and Philosophy and Letters.
• He also studied painting, sculpture, French, and
German at the Academy of San Fernando.
Universidad Central de Madrid hosted a mixture of
people various beliefs. There were Liberals,
Conservatives, Republicans, Monarchist and
Revolutionist. Jose Rizal was drawn to the liberals
especially to Dr. Miguel de Morayta who was an
advocate of freedom and self determination for all
people.
Liberal students those from South America and other
colonies of Spain hailed him as a champion but his
colleagues viewed him as a maverick. when University
officials expelled him, his supporter clashed with their
opponents in the campus and in the streets of Madrid.
The Circulo Hispano Filipino

• Rizal political ideas widened while he was in Madrid.

He witnessed political turmoil between the Liberals
and Conservatives.
• He joined the Circulo Hispano Filipino a social
conglomeration that held informal programs
including poetry reading and debates.
• Its members included Filipino scholars, students,
and Spaniards interested in Philippine concerns and
issues.
• On December 31 1882 Rizal composed Mi Piden
Versos as the members of Hispano asked him to
recite a poem for them.
Consuelo Ortiga y Rey
Daughter of Don Pablo
Ortiga y Rey.
Eduardo de Lete fall in
love to Consuelo.
Rizal and Freemasonry

While in Madrid, Rizal was exposed to the idealism

carried by Masonry through Miguel Morayta and
Francisco Pi y Margal. Because of their influence, he
officially joined the Masonic Lodge Acacia in Madrid in
1883. he adopted a masonic name Dimasalang (
ungraspable).
Rizal moved up from the ranks of Freemasonry
becoming a Master mason of the Lodge Solidaridad on
November 15 1890. two years later , while in Paris he
become a master of mason Le Grand Orient France on
February 15, 1892.
 The Brindis
• In 1884, Filipino expatriates in Madrid were swept with
enthusiasm about a starting news that Juan Luna and
Felix Resurrecsion Hidalgo won in the Madrid
Exposition. Luna won a Gold Medal for his painting
called Spoliarium . While Hidalgo won silver medal for
his Christian virgins exposed to the mobs.
• The brothers Maximo and Pedro Paterno organized a
dinner to honor Luna and Hidalgo on June 25 and
presented a special gift from the Filipino expatriates: a
silver palette with wreath. There were sixty invited
guests at the English Restaurant in Madrid where the
dinner was held.
Juan Luna and Felix R. Hidalgo
Spoliarium and Christian Virgins Exposed to Mob
Pedro and Maximo Paterno
• Rizal agreed to give a opening toast although he was
taking his examination in Greek that day. He had
spent all his money on the examination fees. He had
pawned Saturnina’s diamond ring. He had nothing
to eat that day though he won the first prize in
Greek.
On November 5, 1884. Paciano wrote him a letter:
At first I thought it was an only an indigestion, and I gave a laxative
hoping it would cure her, that did not happen, however , and she
stayed always in bed, weak, unable to eat or hear or sleep, so that
she had lost a lot of weight after a week. You were the caused of
her sickness and I shall tell you why . At the time were there was a
great deal of talk about the speech you gave at the banquet for the
Filipino painters; some said you could never return , other said that
it would be better for you to stay there, still others said that you
made enemies, and there are those who said that you had lost your
friends but, in brief , all were agreed that it would not be good for
you to come back. These gratuitous suppositions caused our
mother great sorrow and made her ill.
Doña Teodora herself wrote him a touching letter.
Her eyesight was by now so bad that Leonor
Rivera , in whose house she was staying , made a
better copy for Rizal to read.
Now, what I want from you, my son, is first of all , not
to fail in your duties as areal Catholic for this is
sweeter to me than your acquiring great knowledge ,
sometime knowledge is that what leads us in ruin.
Perhaps this will be my last letter to you, so remember
it well for that what is I desire.
Rizal reply to his mother showed a new Rizal. Three years
in city of the Enlightenment , three short years in the
heady air of free thought and free inquiry had turned him
into a nationalist and a rationalist.
I am doing everything to please you. For more than a year now , and
following Father’s advice, I have tried as far as possible to withdraw
myself and not to call attention to my person.
If in spite of this have enemies , well , let them be, it is also difficult to
live in sorrow , but misfortunes do not mean dishonor; misfortunes are
welcome when they are result of avoiding abasement and
degeneration. As long as our conscience is the friendly guide of our
thoughts, what does it matter?
Scholastic Records in Madrid

• Rizal’s scholastic records in the Degree of

Licentiate in Medicine at Universidad Central de
Madrid in June 21, 1884 were declared by Rizal to
his family through a letter, at last I am a Physician.
The title Doctor of Medicine was not awarded to him
because he failed to settle his University fees for
graduation thesis.
Jose Rizal was , However a Doctor after graduation,
except that he was not allowed to practice his medical
profession in the city, Rizal was only allowed to practice
his medical profession in the province.
On the 24th birthday of Rizal , June 19, 1885 the
Universidad Central de Madrid awarded him with the
degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters with
rating of Excellent.
Rizal in France and Germany
Paris, France

Rizal also visited Paris, France on June 17, 1883. in

his account , he described the city , the Champs
Elysees in particular, as an extensive park , wide and
long filled with trees , with theater on both sides.
The Vendome Column is tall and big , full of base
reliefs depicting the wars of Napoleon to Germany.
Place de la Concorde is an immense and wide circles
where obelisk of Luxor stands. Theater of Public opera
is the most sumptuous public edifice Rizal seen.
He also visited other places like Luxembourg Garden,
Museum of Orfila and Louvre Museum in France
where skeletons complete the sadness of foggy days.
Champs Elysees and Louvre Museum
Vendome Column
The Return to Paris

Shortly after graduation, Rizal proceeded to Paris, in

the first week of October in 1885. in this city , he
learned more about Ophthalmology. He registered in
the clinic of Dr. Louis de Wecker who was recognized
as a leading French ophthalmologist at that time. Rizal
learned from de Wecker who was treating 50 to 100
patients daily.
In Paris, Rizal’s compatriots were Juan Luna, Felix
Resurreccion Hidalgo , and the Tavera brothers who
were both physicians.
Heidelberg
On February 1, 1886, Rizal left Paris and proceeded
to Heidelberg, Germany . He arrived there at in
February 3, 1886. he stayed in the boarding house at
No. 16 Karlstrasse which was managed by the
German Lady Nebel.
In Heidelberg, Rizal stated his observations on the
manners of Germans , through a letter to his family.

To the Germans it is a bad taste if one remains aloof

and indifferent especially at social functions, a German
lady is serious , studious and diligent.
• Rizal wanted to learn the German technique in the
field of Ophthalmology on a regular basis. He
assisted in a clinic for eye diseases under the
direction of an Ophthalmologist named Otto Becker
with whom he became an expert Ophthalmology.
• Rizal later moved to a new boarding house located
near the Heidelberg University . It reminded him of
Calamba especially its scenery.
• Rizal wrote a poem dated April 22, 1886. entitled
Flores de Heidelberg. A literary piece he dedicated
to the beautiful place .
Rizal spent his summer at Odenwald and
Wilhemsfeld , a mountain Resort about 30 kilometers
northeast of Heidelberg to relieve his sadness and
homesickness. He lived the house of a new friend ,
Pastor Karl Ullmer.
The two concluded in their discussion on religion, “ one
should not make enemies of men but spirit of
brotherhood.” by that time, Rizal was about to finish his
masterpiece, the novel Noli me Tangere ,
Subsequently , Rizal decided to leave Heidelberg.
Leipzig and Dresden

• Rizal left Heidelberg on August 9, 1886 on board

the boat Reinstall. He travel to Leipzig passing by
Mainz and transferred to a streamer Niedeald
through Rhine River.
• Rizal stayed in Leipzig for two months.
• Before leaving Leipzig in the late October, Rizal
translated two German works to Tagalog which he
sent to Calamba. These were Schiller’s William
Tell, a story about the Swiss Independence,
Hans Andersen Fairy Tales for his young
nephews and nieces.
• On October 29, 1886, Rizal left Leipzig and
traveled to Dresden where he met Dr. Hans
Meyer , Director of the Ethnographic Museum of
Dresden.
• Dr. Meyer had written the largest encyclopedic
dictionaries of Germany and had already visited
Philippines. In addition, he authored a book entitled
the Igorot of the Philippines. In an informal
meeting, Dr. Hans Meyer gave a copy of this book.
• Rizal also visited the Grand Astronomical clock,
ordered to be built by Frederick the Wise , Elector
of Saxony. He was truly impressed with this when
he said,’ truly the crown of Saxony has many jewels
and precious things.”
Berlin
• In berlin, Rizal mastered the German language . He
likewise improved his English grammar and other
European languages.
• According to Maximo Viola , while Rizal was in
Berlin, he formed acquaintances with well respected
German doctors and scientist. He met Dr. Teodor
Jagor , a German scientist who has visited
Philippines.
• Rizal had conferences with one of the famous
German Anthropologists, Dr. Rudolf Virchow, who
was then the president of the Anthropological
Society of Berlin and his son Hans Virchow a
professor of Descriptive Anatomy.
• Rizal also mastered and learned the German medical
technique in the field of Ophthalmology. He assisted
in the clinic of Dr. Karl Ernest Schweigger, one of
the famous Ophthalmologist during that time.
• On January 26, 1887, Rizal became an official
member of the Ethnographical Society of Berlin. On
February 7,1887, he joined the Anthropological
Society of Berlin after submitting a study entitled
Tagalische Verskunst. ( Tagalog Metrical Art)
The Noli me Tangere
• He completed this work in February 21, 1887
through the aid of Maximo Viola who shouldered
the expenses for printing of 2000 copies of Noli
me Tangere costing 300 pesos. As a token of
appreciation ,Rizal gave the galley proof of Noli with
an autograph and saying,” To my dear friend,
Maximo Viola, the first to read and appreciate my
work Jose Rizal March 29 1887, Berlin.
• The title of the novel means “ touch me not” in
Latin. It was taken from the Gospel of St. John ,
Chapter 20 Verses 13-20. Rizal mistaken when he
referred to the gospel of Saint Luke. Which
described what Lord Jesus told Mary Magdalene, touch
me not for I am not yet ascended to my Father and to
my God and your God.
 Noli me Tangere
The title of the novel means “
touch me not” in Latin. It was
taken from the Gospel of St.
John , Chapter 20 Verses 13-
20. Rizal mistaken when he
referred to the gospel of Saint
Luke. Which described what
Lord Jesus told Mary
Magdalene, touch me not for I
am not yet ascended to my
Father and to my God and your
God.
 Characters of Noli me Tangere

1.Juan Crisostomo Ibarra. The most important character

in the novel.
2.Elias. The character that Rizal place to represent the
Filipino masses who suffered from Spanish brutalities
and abuse.
3.Maria Clara. In her, Ibarra has fallen in love as she
also mirrored the Filipina woman’s religious upbringing
and orientation.
4.Don Rafael Ibarra. Known in the plot as a concerned
citizen and property owner who was the father of
Crisostomo.
5. Doña Victorina. Wife of Don Tiburcio de Espadaña
known in the novel as a filthy rich Filipina who abhors
anything that is Filipino but clings to Spanish way of life.
6. Capitan Tiago. An illegal opium trader who
subsequently became a landlord.
7. Sisa. She presented the plight of the Filipina mothers
losing her sons .
8. Pilosopong Tasyo. He portrayed a philosopher who
was completely misunderstood.
9. School Master. A Teacher at San Diego , his views in
the novel represented weak , obsolete and useless
education.
10. Padre Damaso. Antagonist in Character, he
presented un Christian works.
 Reactions to Rizal’s Noli me Tangere
Today I have finished reading yourmost interesting
book and I must tell you candidly that I have not read
a more truthful or more graphic description of much
slandered and chastised society.
Antonio Regidor
I have read it and I am enchanted with it. I
congratulate you then I am one of those who think
that is the first work of its kind.
Evaristo Aguirre
We hope you send here thousands of copy through
the way I mentioned to you in my previous letter.
Jose M. Cecilio
Your work, as we German say, has been written
with the blood of the heart and for his reason it
speaks also to the heart a thousand thanks to your
magnificent work.
Ferdinand Blumentritt
• The Noli created an uproar of debates ,
condemnations, affirmations and accusations from
both Spaniards and Filipinos.
• The special jury of the Royal and Pontifical
Dominican University of Santo Tomas condemned
the as heretical and subversive.
• In the Spanish Cortes, Senator Fernando Vida
denounced novel as anti Spanish and anti Catholic.
• Vicente Barrantes , published an article La España
Moderna attacking Ferdinand Blumentritt a German
friend of Rizal.
Rizal in the Philippines (1887- 1888)
The Return to the Philippines

• July 3, 1887 Rizal left Marseilles on the first leg of

his trip back to the Philippines.
• At Marseilles, he boarded the ship Djemnah, the
same vessel which took him to the French port city.
• Djemnah docked in Saigon, Vietnam and Rizal
boarded another streamer , the Haipong , which
bound for Manila on July 30.
• On August 6, 1887 Rizal arrived in Manila.
Calamba
Two days later, Rizal reached Calamba and was
reunited with his family and friends.
Rizal established a Medical Clinic in Calamba and his
first patient was his mother. He was called ” Dr.
Uliman” because he was trained in Germany. Within
the few months , he earned 900 pesos.
Rizal also opened a gymnasium in the town. And
during his spare times, he painted the town’s
landscape and translated the German poems of Von
Wildernath into Tagalog.
The Furor over the Noli me Tangere

• Copies of Noli arrive in the Philippines weeks ahead of

Rizal.
• Copies were smuggled from Hong kong with the help
of Perfecto Rufino Riego.
• The controversy generated by Noli reached
Governor General Emilio Terrero. He was informed
that the novel contained seditious ideas. He
summoned Rizal to Malacañang.
• Rizal former professors, Francisco de Paula Sanchez,
Jose Bech and Federico Faura warned him that he
would lose his head because of his book.
• Gov. General Terrero assigned Lt. Jose Taviel de
Andrade as bodyguard of Rizal.
• The Governor General found nothing wrong with the
novel after reading it.
• Archbishop Pedro Payo of Manila sent a copy of the
novel to the rector of University of Santo Tomas, Fr.
Gregorio Echevarria. A committee was formed to
review Rizal’s novel.
• The committee promptly sent it’s report to the
Archbishop where it denounce Noli as “ heritical,
impious, scandalous in the religious order, anti
patriotic, subversive of public order, injurious to
the government of Spain, and of the Philippine
islands in the political order.
• The Governor General , however was not satisfied with
the committee report that the friars suspecting that the
friars were biased against Rizal. He then referred it to
the Permanent Commission on Censorship which
was headed by Fr. Salvador Font the curate of
Tondo.
• Father Font and his commission came out with the
recommendation that the importation, reproduction,
distribution of the Noli me Tangere should be
absolutely prohibited.
• On July 13, 1887. originally Noli was sold for only 5
pesetas but at the height of controversy , copies were
selling at 50 pesos each.
• Father Jose Rodriguez published a pamphlet in 1888
entitled Caiingat Cayo.
• Vicente Barrantes wrote against Rizal’s Noli in
España Moderna in 1890.
• Marcelo Del Pilar wrote a response to Fr. Rodriguez
‘s pamphlet. It was entitled Caiigat Cayo to defend
Noli.
• Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez defended Noli in
public.
• Fr. Garcia refuted Fr. Rodriguez’s claimed that Rizal
was ignorant man as the former graduated from
Spanish University and a recipient of awards.
Caingat Cayo and Caiigat Cayo
 The Hacienda de Calamba
• In July 15, 1885 Paciano informed Rizal about the
heightened agrarian unrest in Calamba.
• In another letter dated August 28, 1886, Rizal’s
Brother in law Mariano Herbosa wrote him a letter
complaining of the unbearable tax imposed by the
friars to the tenants such as tax on irrigated dry and
residential lands.
Governor General Terrero and the colonial
government suspected the administrator of the Calamba
of evading full payment of taxes. He sent an official
communication dated December 30, 1887 to the
Public Treasury Department of Finance to seek
information and figures from the tenants of the
Dominican estate on their agricultural land and
production for the past three years.
Upon receipt of the communication , the tenants sought
the help of Rizal in preparing the report. After the series
of interviews with the tenants , Rizal wrote an informative
report which included the following.
• That the Dominican Hacienda comprised not only the
land around Calamba but the whole town of including
the houses of the people.
• The Hacienda owners increased their income by
arbitrarily increasing land rentals of the tenants.
• The Dominican owners did not contribute a single
centavo for the town fiesta.
• Tenants who cleared the lands for cultivation were also
arbitrarily dispossessed of their lands.
• The owners of the estate charged with high interest
rates for the delayed payment of the land rentals, and
if the tenants failed to remit payments , hacienda
management would confiscate their carabaos , farm
implements and houses.
When Rizal left Calamba in February 1888, the
tenants openly refused to pay their rentals. The
Dominicans negotiated with them for one year until they
were to file eviction charges in 1889. an amicable
settlement was resorted to but failed. The tenants
initially won the case at the Justice of Peace of
Calamba. The Dominicans filed and appeal at the
provincial court at Sta. Cruz the tenants lost this time.
When the Santa Cruz handed down its decision, the
tenants were defiant. They refused to obey it.
The court , supported by a detachment of soldiers,
implemented the eviction order and in the process
destroyed 50 houses. When tenants attempted to return
to their houses , more soldiers were sent by the new
Gov. General Valeriano Weyler.
 Rizal Left the Philippines
• To ease the growing pressure and evade the threats of the
church, Rizal decided to leave the Philippines for his second
sojourn in Europe.
• On February 3, 1888 Rizal departed Manila on board the
vessel Don Juan that would take him on his first leg of his
trip back to Europe.
• Before leaving the country, Rizal left another artistic
contribution. His friends from Lipa , Batangas requested him
to compose for them a hymn to sung on the feast day of Lipa,
which was entitled Himno al Trabajo (hymn to Labor) .
The following lines are excerpts from the hymn:

Now the East is glowing with light,

Go! To the field to till the land,
For the labor of man sustains
Family, home and Motherland.
Hard the land may turn to be .
Scorching the rays of the sun above…..
For the country , wife and children
All will be easy to our love.
Rizal’s Second European Sojourn
Hong Kong
• Rizal left the Philippines half sick and disillusioned.
His first stop was Hong Kong.
• He met Manuel Iriarte and Jose Maria Basa,
Filipinos exiled in 1872 for their alleged
involvement in Cavite Mutiny.
• While in Hong Kong in found out that Dominican
Congregation own 750 houses or more commercial
houses and also engaged in other business.
Hong Kong
• On the 19 of February 1888, Rizal boarded the
boat Kui Kiang that took him to Macau.
• In Hong Kong Rizal stayed in the house of Jose
Sainz de Veranada and Jose Maria Basa.
• He described Macau as “ The city of Macau as
small, low and marshy
Macao
 Japan

• On February 22, 1888, Rizal boarded the steamship

Oceanic bound for Japan and arrived on the 28th in
Yokohama.
• Juan Perez Caballero Spanish Charge d’ Affaires
invited Rizal to stayed in the Spanish Embassy.
Tokyo
• Rizal had a positive impression of Japan. He wrote
that, it was a country of beauty, its people were
industrious, clean, honest and polite, its women were
dressed picturesquely and were charming , there were
few thieves and beggars.
• Rizal befriend Tetcho Suehiro a newspaperman
and chief editor of a Japanese newspaper.
 Seiko Usui / O Sei San
• A daughter of a Sumarai
born in 1865.
• She helped Rizal to
improve his mastery of
Japanese language.
During Rizal’s stay in Japan , Rizal developed a close
and intimate relationship with Japanese woman
named O Sei San ( Seiko Usui). The following lines
manifested Rizal’s love for O Sei San:
To you I dedicate the final chapter of these memoirs
of my youth. No Woman , like you , has ever loved
me. No woman like you has ever sacrificed for me .
Like a flower of the chodji that falls from the stem.
Fresh and whole without falling a leaves or without
withering with poetry despite it’s fall thus you fell.
Rizal left Japan in April 13, 1888 and boarded the
ship S.S. Belgic bound for United States of America
thus ending his short lived romance with Seiko. He
could have settled in Japan since he was offered a
good job at the embassy but he declined the offer as it
was just a ploy to keep him near the Spaniards . He
continued his trip to Europe via United States of
America on April 18, 1888.
Rizal in America

Rizal arrived in San Francisco on April 28, 1888. he

disembarked on May 4, 1888, after a few days of
quarantined. He registered at the Palace Hotel and he
stayed in San Francisco for two days.
San Francisco and Golden Gate Bridge
On May 6, 1888, he boarded a ferry boat going to
Oakland. He then transferred to a train heading towards
Sacramento and then to Nevada on May 7. On May 8,
the train passed through Ogden where Rizal saw the
Salt Lake City.
On May 9, the train arrived in Colorado where he saw
the thick pines and tunnels. On May 10, the train arrived
in Nebraska where he viewed the Missouri River. On
May 11, they were in Chicago. On May 13, the train
arrived in Albany City and there he saw the Hudson
River. The last City he visited was New York where he
stayed for three days.
Statue of Liberty and Niagra Falls
• Rizal toured the memorial of George Washington and
visited the Statue of Liberty. Rizal toured the
America for 20 days before he left and boarded the
ship City of Rome bound for Europe on May 16,
1888.
• His impression of America was mixed. According
to him, the United States of America is a land of
great opportunity especially for immigrants.
• He however complained about racial discrimination
which was inconsistent with its principles of a liberty,
freedom and democracy.
• He also commented that America is the land par
excellence of freedom but only for the whites.
England

• The ship City of Rome that took Rizal to England

arrived in Liverpool on May 24, 1888. the following
day he boarded a train bound for London and stayed
as a guest in the house of Antonio Ma. Regidor.
• Rizal boarded at the house of the own by the Beckett
family.
 Gertrude Beckett
• On 1889 Rizal boarded at the
house of the Beckett Family.
• Rizal called her Gettie and
Gertrude called him Pettie.
• She from London.
• While in London Rizal, acquainted himself with a
friend of Ferdinand Blumentritt , Dr. Reinhold Rost .
Dr. Rost was a biographer and librarian of the
British Foreign Office.
Rizal spend his spare times at the British Museum
Library reading the following history books.
• Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas ( Historical Events of the
Philippine Islands) by Antonio Morga.
• Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas ( Conquest of the
Philippine Island) by Gaspar de San Agustin.
Sucessos de las Islas Filipinas
• Relaccion de las Islas Filipinas ( The Philippines in the
1600) by Fr. Pedro Chirino.
• Les Chinois Peints Par Euxmemes ( The Chinese
Portrayed by Themselves) Tseng Ki Tong.
Relaccion de las Islas Filipinas
On September 1888, Rizal made a short visit to Paris
to witness the exhibit of Bibliotheque Nacionale. In
December 11, he spent his time with the family of Juan
Luna. He also visited Madrid and Barcelona for 12
days. He also attended a meeting with Marcelo del
Pilar and Mariano Ponce.
 The Active Propagandist

• Rizal was doing the annotation of Morga’s book.

• He wrote for La Solidaridad the organ of Filipino
Reformist in Spain.
• Graciano Lopez Jaena was the first editor of La
Solidaridad.
• Rizal was voted as a Honorary President of La
Solidaridad a society organized by the Filipinos in
Barcelona on December 31, 1888.
The following are Rizal’s article published by La
Solidaridad.

La Vision del Fray Rodriguez ( The Vision of

Rodriguez):
Published in the Sol under the Pen name of
Dimasalang. This work was written in satire form
presenting the exchanges and discussions
between St. Augustine and Fr. Rodriguez. In this
satire , St. Augustine called the latter stupid and
informs God about it.
MA YI : Historical writings covered a definitive
interpretation of Rizal’s reading on Ma Yi, the first
Chinese name of the Philippines Historians today
point to Mindoro as Ma Yi. Rizal, he stated already this
in an intelligent study, “Perhaps to be Lingayen,
Mindoro” the article was published in December 6,
1888.
Sad News from the Philippines

• When Rizal left for Europe in February 1888, the

case of Rizal’s family and the people of Calamba
were left to Paciano Rizal and his brother in law
Manuel Hidalgo. The family took Ambrosio
Rianzarez to defend them but he withdrew out
of fear for Dominican Friars. Felipe
Buencamino Sr. Who had a connection with the
Royal Audencia of Manila accepted the case.
• Rizal received a letter from his family informing the
death of his brother in law Mariano Herbosa.
• On October 6, 1888, Manuel T. Hidalgo the brother in
law of Rizal was deported to Tagbilaran, Bohol.
Paris
• In the middle of March 1889, Rizal left the
Beckett Family in London and proceeded to
Paris. While in Paris, Rizal stayed with Valentin
Ventura and Justo Trinidad. He also visited
Trinidad Pardo de Tavera and Juan Luna,
who was married to Trinidad’s sister Paz. He
visited the home of Edward Boustead in
Biarritz. He had two lovely daughters Adelina
and Nelly.
 Nellie Boustead
• Rizal met Adelina and
Nellie sometimes in
1891 in Biarritz,
France. they were
daughters of Eduard
Boustead.
• They played fencing
with Rizal.
• Rizal organized the Kidlat Club then the Indios
Bravos.
• After Organizing the Indios Bravos , Rizal forms
another group that aimed to redeem the Malay race.
He named it RDLM or the Redemption of the
Malay Race.
Prolific Works While in Paris

• A la Defensa ( To the Defense): Rizal defended

Mr. Patricio de la Escorsura, a Former Royal
commissary to the Philippines.
• La Verdad Para Todos (The Truth for All) This
Article was published in La Solidaridad on May 31,
1889. Rizal criticized the weak Spanish
Government in the Philippines and the Friars as a
bad teacher for the Filipinos.
• Vicente Barrantes’ Teatro Tagalo: This Article was
published in La Solidaridad on June 15, 1889. Rizal
criticized Barrantes who degraded Filipino dignity.
• Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Historical events in
the Philippines) Rizal highlighted the Phil. And hailed
the impartial view of its author.
• Filipino Grajero ( The Filipino Farmer) Rizal
discussed in this article the case of the Filipino
farmers who has to struggle with the problems such
as locust, floods, fires, and bad harvest.
• Una Profanacion( A Profanation) This article dated
July 31, 1889. Rizal presented examples of the sins
of Catholic Church through its corporation in Calamba.
• Specimen of the Tagal Folklore: This work was
published in July 1889 by Trubner’s record, Edited by
Dr. Reinhold Rost and published in journal devoted to
Asian literature.
• Por Telefono ( The Telephone) This satire is
dedicated by Rizal to Fr. Font, an Agustinian Parish
Priest of Tondo, The friar was noted for his disobience
to his congregation. Just like father Rodriguez.
• Verdades Nuevas ( New Truths): Rizal his
criticisms about the stagnant economy of the
Philippines despite the presence of the four
respective convents with their religious corporation.
• Crueldad(Cruelty) The article was published in La
Solidaridad on August 15, 1889. Rizal explained his
ungrateful task to intervene in a dispute and defend
persons who were either armless and defenseless.
• A La Patria This article was published in La
Solidaridad on November 15, 1889. Rizal directed his
insults to the newspaper that was funded by the friars
in the Philippines named La Patria.
• Llanto y Risas( Tears and Laugther): Rizal stated his
view on the miseries of the Philippines through a
prayer format.
• INGRATITUDE This article was published in La
Solidaridad on January 15, 1890. wherein Rizal
replied using his case in Calamba Hacienda through
the statement of Governor General Weyler, That the
towns of Laguna should not allow themselves to be
deluded by the vain of promises of ungrateful sons.
Rizal in Brussels and Madrid
 Suzanne Jacoby
• Rizal and Suzanne fell in
love with one another .
• A Belgian from Brussels.
 Brussels

• On January 28, 1890. Rizal left Paris and moved to

Brussels the capital of Belgium. He made a decision
to leave Paris to cut back his expenses and finish El
Filibusterismo.
• In Brussels, Rizal suffered from financial difficulties
and when it got worse, he wanted to return to the
Philippines.
• In June of 1890, Rizal wrote to Mariano Ponce a
letter stating his desire to go home. Rizal stressed in
the letter , I have not received anything from the
Philippines, that is why I am thinking of going back
there, as soon as possible and may God say what
will happen next.
Contributions to La Solidaridad

• Reply to Vicente Barrantes’ Criticisms to Noli me

Tangere: This article was published in La Solidaridad
on February 15, 1890. Rizal argued that Barrantes
did not read the whole novel and had not written the
novel for himself but for the Philippines.
• Nameless: the article was published in La Solidaridad
in February 28, 1890. Rizal state his bitterness over
the unfair treatment of the Spanish Government in the
Philippines to the tenants of Calamba . He also
question the abuses of the Catholic corporations.
• The Philippines at the Spanish Congress: This
proposal of Rizal which he drafted in the French
Language stated 19 proposition to which this
provision was concluded: an estate of land will be
bought from the British government in Borneo for
the Filipinos who intend to live and conduct farming
in the area.
• Cosas de Filipinas( Philippine Affairs): Rizal
attacked the local newspaper la Porvenir de Vesayas
for highlighting the criminal act a of the government
and the civil guards as valid. He accused the board
of censors created by the Spanish government as its
main proponent.
• Two Eastern Fables: This work was published in
Trubners’ record in July 1889. Rizal compared
and cited the similarities of and differences of the
fables in the Philippines entitled the Tale of the
Tortoise and Japan Saru Kani Kassen or the
Battle of Monkey and the Crab.
• Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagala
( On New Ortography of the Tagalog Language):
This work was published in La Solidaridad on April
15, 1890. where he used the ancient Tagalog
alphabet and introduced the new orthography in
writing and speaking for Filipinos.
• Let Us be Just: This article was published in La
Solidaridad and was dated April 15, 1890. Rizal
criticized the implementation of justice in the
Philippines and compared it with Europe. He cited
the immortality of the friars and the Spanish land
owners.
• Una Esperanza ( A Hope): This article was dated
July 15, 1890. He expressed the hope after the
Spanish Ministers’ party divulged that it was in favor
of reforms for the Philippines. The conservative party
had expressed its favor to the friar controlled situation
in the Philippines.
Rizal’s Temper was Tested

Shortly after arriving in Madrid, on August 1890, Rizal

attended a reunion of Filipinos. In that occasion , the
already drunk Luna insulted Rizal for his failure to win
the heart of Nellie Boustead. He blame Rizal for his
aborted love.
The second incident that provoked Rizal’s anger was
caused by Wenceslao Retana who was hired by the
friars to neutralized La Solidaridad in Madrid. Retana
wrote an article attacking Rizal and the Calamba
tenants .
 Sad Events Received and Experienced in Madrid
• On May 1890, Rizal was informed of the Royal
Audeincia’s decision on the Calamba Hacienda case.
It was in favor of the Dominican Catholic corporation.
• On September 1890, Rizal received a letter from
Saturnina informing him about the sad news about
Calamba and the arrest and deportation of his Brother
in laws to Mindoro.
• Rizal asked the help of Manuel Becerra a Spanish
Politician.
• On December 1890, Rizal received a letter from
Leonor Rivera informing him of her impending
marriage to Charles Henry Kipping.
Contributions to the La Solidaridad

Cobordo and Venganza (Cowardly Revenge): In an

article dated August 31, 1890. Rizal expressed his
bitterness over how the Spanish government in the
Philippines treated his two brother in laws and his
brother.
Como se Gobiernan las Filipinas ( How the
Philippines is Governed) : Rizal explained that
Spanish government ruling the country is in itself the
cause of the problem. The friars representing the
catholic church were in fact the ones gaining from
corporations .
The Making Of El Filibusterismo

In the early of July 1891, Jose Rizal, Jose

Alejandrino and Edilberto Evangelista, left Brussels
and moved to Ghent. Alejandrino and Evangelista
also enrolled and studied in the University of Ghent.
 Characters of El Filibusterismo
• Simoun , the Ibarra of the Noli now represents the new
ideas.
• Maria Clara, She never had Simoun in her life after all
the sufferings and pains she had gone through for 13
years.
• Basilio, son of Sisa who finished his medical studies
through the financial support of Capitan Tiago.
• Isagani, known in the novel as the poet who played the
role ayoung student.
• Paulita Gomez, the love of Isagani in the novel. she
represented the Filipina womanhood in the Phil.
• Cabesang Tales, represented the tenants of Calamba
as he was also stripped of his land by the friars.
• School Master, disobeyed the orders of the friars by
teaching the Spanish language to his students.
Reactions to El Filibusterismo
In a letter dated October 2, 1891, Graciano Lopez Jaena
stated:
El Filibusterismo is a superior novel to your Noli me
Tangere in its exquisite , delicate literary style, its easy
and correct dialogue, its clean, vigorous and elegant
phraseology, as much as for its profuond ideas and
sublime thoughts.
Mariano Ponce stated in his letter dated October 11,
1891:
It truly excellent ; I cannot fin any other praise . It is
very worthy sister of Noli.
Rizal’s Second Homecoming
Medical Practice in Hong Kong
• After completing the printing of El
Filibusterismo, Rizal finally decided to leave
Europe and take up residence in Hong Kong.
Jose Ma. Basa loaned Rizal money to travel to
the British Colony.
• On October 18, 1891, Rizal boarded the
steamer Melboure in Marseilles and arrived in
Hong Kong on November 20, 1891. While in
Hong Kong , he wrote to Queen Regent
Cristina to explain the situation in Calamba .
Through his representations, he convinced the
Spanish Authorities in Manila to allow his family
to joined him in Hong Kong.
While in Hong Kong , Rizal set up two clinics at
Rednaxela Street and at the Remedios Terrace .
Lorenzo P. Marquez a Portuguese Physician,
helped him in building up a clientele. He had a
successful practice in the Crown Colony. While
doing . A third novel was in the works and did
some article that appeared in Hong Kong
Telegraph.
He also denounced what he saw were
intentional fires that set in Manila in his article La
Mano Roja. Through the help of Mr. Frazier
Smith , editor of Hong Kong Telegraph , he was
able to contribute the following articles :
Ala Nacion Española ( An address to the
Spanish Nation)
• Ang Karapatan nang mga Tao. Rizal numerated the
17 rights of man based from the French Revolution.
• Justice in the Philippines. This article was published
in February 15, 1892 cited the fears of the Filipino to
the Spanish authorities in Manila.
• Colonization of the British North Borneo by the
Families from the Philippines. Dated April 1892. in
this article Rizal negotiated for his North Borneo
project with the British Government.
• Una Visita a la Victoria ( A visit to Victoria Goal):
Dated March 2, 1892. this dealt about how the
prisoners were treated at the Victoria Goal.
• To the Filipinos: this letter article was written by
Rizal in Hong Kong for the Philippines in 1892.
Bound for the Philippines
• Jose Rizal left Hong Kong with his widowed sister Lucia on
June 21, 1892.
• On June 26, 1892, the streamer Don Juan arrived in Manila.
Rizal recorded that:
• I was met many soldiers , including even a major. There
was also a captain and a sergeant in disguise. I Landed with
my baggage and went through Customs inspection. From
there, I went to the Hotel Oriente , where I was given Room
no. 22 facing the Binondo church.
Founding the La Liga Filipina
On the night of July 3, 1892. Rizal founded La Liga Filipina
at the house of Doroteo Ongjunco in Ilaya , Tondo.
Objectives of La Liga Filipina:
1. To unite Filipinos into homogenous body.
2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity.
3. Defense against all violence and injustice.
4. The encouragement of instruction, commerce, and
agriculture among Filipinos.
5. Study and application of reforms.
Officers of La Liga Filipina
President: Ambrosio Salvador
Fiscal: Agustin Dela Rosa
Treasurer: Bonifacio Arevalo
Secretary: Deodato Arellano
• The La Liga Filipina Lingered for a while after
Rizal’s exile to Dapitan. It became the
became a Cuerpo de Compromisarios under
the leadership of Domingo Franco.
• The more radical elements in the old La Liga
Filipina led by Deodato Arellano , Teodoro
Plata, Ladislao Diwa and Andres Bonifacio
formed the Katipunan on the same night Rizal
was sent to arrested.
• The La Liga Filipina was a purely civic society but it
was eyed with suspicions by the Spanish authorities.
As a result Rizal was arrested and on July 6, 1892.
• He was summoned by the Governor General Eulogio
Despujol to Malacañang and was confronted with a
leaflet entitled Pobres Frailes. The document was
written by Fr. Jacinto ( the Pen name of Rizal in the
Hong Kong Telegraph)
• Rizal was arrested by Ramon Despujol the younger
brother of the Gov. General and taken to Fort
Santiago.
Rizal learned that he was to be deported in Dapitan.
And he would leave Manila on July 14, 1892. his
guards received an order to board Rizal at S.S Cebu
bound for Dapitan. Despujol later on Publicly
explained in an article he wrote o Gaceta de Manila
the following reasons for Rizal’s fate:
• Rizal’s Publications of Books
• The discovery of the pamphlet called Pobres Frailes
• He dedicated his El Filibusterismo to Three martyrs
Dapitan (1892-1896)
• Dapitan today is located in Zamboanga del Norte.
• Rizal arrived in Dapitan on July 17, 1892.
• Rizal made a poem to honor Don Ricardo Carnicero
on his birthday on August 26, 1892.
• May 4, 1893, Carnicero was replaced by Captain
Juan Sitges.
• Rizal built the relief map of Mindanao with the help of
Father Francisco Paula de Sanchez.
Typical Day in Dapitan

• Rizal built a school and accepted students with no tuition

fee on the condition that they will help in the household.
Rizal taught them arithmetic, English, Spanish, Fencing,
Wrestling, and other sports.
• Rizal continued corresponding with the German scientific
community and sent them samples of insects, frogs and
lizards.
• In September 1892, Rizal won 6, 200 pesos in the lottery .
He sent a portion of money to his family and invested the
rest in farming by buying lands in Dapitan .
Rizal and Father Pastell

While in exile , he was engaged in a lengthy

debate through correspondence with Father
Pastell, their discussion on philosophical and
theological issues lasted from September of
1892 to June 1893.
 Religious Activities

Rizal regularly attended the Sunday mass,

observed the activities of the Holy Week ,
celebrated Christmas and New Year as an exile. In
an letter to his family, I go to mass every Sunday.
In an another letter , he stated that , here we
celebrated Holy Week fairly well. There was a
procession on the Thursday and Good Friday as
well as on Easter Sunday.
The Physician
• Rizal had a thriving medical practice and his patients
came from as far Luzon and Hong Kong .
• He became famous Doctor in two year’s time
performing even in non ophthalmic cases. His patients
came from nearby places in Mindanao, but also in
Negros, Cebu, Luzon, Panay, Bohol, and from foreign
countries.
• He treated an English man who paid him 500 pesos.
And Don Ignacio Tamorong paid him 3,000 pesos.
 Josephine Bracken
• The most controversial and
the last woman of Rizal.
• She was born in Hong
Kong , on October 3, 1876.
• “Rizal’s wife.”
• Goddaughter of George
Taufer.
The Farmer

Rizal was able to purchase 16 hectares of land in Talisay,

Dapitan. In His letter before his family visited him in Dapitan, he
told his mother that he had more than fifty lanzones, twenty
mango, macupa, fifty lanka, santol, and eighteen mangosteens.
He planted 1400 coffee, 200 cacao seedling . He was confident
that he would earn 2000pesos annually fro his plants. He had
6000 abaca plants and planted 2 cavans of corn seeds. In 1895
, he wrote to Doña Teodora and asked her to send him seeds of
Kasuy, chico, and etc.
The Businessman

Rizal was able to enhance his business economic

activities and partnerships with the locals as a supplier
of fish, buying and selling abaca and copra. He was
also engaged in the buying and selling of shoes and
socks. He was, however enraged by the monopoly of
the Chinese merchants in selling socks which are
requirements in going to church .
The Teacher

Rizal opened a community school from January 1894

to July 1896 with 23 students , 16 of which are
stayed with him
as a regular students. The students were taught
Spanish, English, Arithmetic, Gymnastics and
Swimming. He also gave awards to the brightest
students.
 The Scientist

Rizal collected specimens of the flora and fauna

found in Dapitan. He then sent these specimens to
Ateneo and his friends in Europe. Some of his
collections were named after him.
Draco rizali ( Wandolleck) specimen of flying lizard
Rachoporous rizali ( Boetger) a specie of toad
Apogolania rizali ( Heller) a specie of small beetle
 The Linguist and Artist
As a Philologist ( a person who studies the development of language
and words) . Rizal studied Bisayan (Cebuano) language along with
Tagalog and Malay written and spoken words. As a Sculptor he
carved the following pieces.
1. Wild boar
2. Bust of Captain Carnicero and his wife
3. Reclining figure of Josephine Bracken
4. St. Paul holding on to a cross
5. Dapitan girl cutting grass
6. Mother Revenge
7. Head of a Dapitan Girl
 The Public Servant

Rizal gave free medical service and medicine to

Dapitan folks.
He initiated the construction of dam and assisted
Hermano Costa in the construction of Linao
Aqueduct to provide clean and potable water.
He installed the town lighting system of Dapitan.
 Poems Written in Dapitan

• Josefina: This poem was dedicated to Josephine

Bracken
• To Don Ricardo Carnicero: Rizal wrote this poem for
his friend , the Politico – Military Governor of Dapitan,
as a gift for his birthday.
• El Canto del Viajero: Considered as a less influential
poem of Rizal. He manifested here the idea of
leaving Dapitan as a traveling man.
• Hymn to Talisay: Spaniards considered this song
a subversive. It was composed in Dapitan.
• Studios Sobre la Lengua Tagala: unpublished
work of Rizal , dedicated to his favorite teacher in
Ateneo , Father Francisco Sanchez.
• Me Retiro: In this poem, Rizal expressed his
lonely life as an exile in Talisay, Dapitan.
On July 31, 1896, Rizal’s four year exile in
Dapitan came to end. At midnight of that date ,
he embarked on board the streamer España. He
accompanied by Josephine, Narcisa , Angelica
and three nephews and six pupils.
 Arrest and Trial

.
Ferdinand Blumentritt informed Rizal the Cuban
Revolution, the raging yellow fever epedemic and
the shortage of Physicians to Spanish troops.
Rizal wrote to the Governor General on
December 17, 1895 to signify his intention to
volunteer as a military doctor.
On July
. 1 1896 Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco
approved Rizal’s proposal.
On Midnight of July 31, 1896. Rizal had a
nostalgic departure aboard the streamer España
bound for Manila.
On August 6, 1896. the España arrived in Manila.
However , the Isla de Luzon that was supposed to
take him to Spain had already left earlier.
Rizal waited the next ship going to Spain the Isla
de Panay
. that was to sail for Spain on September
3, 1896.
Katipuneros hatched a plan to rescue Rizal.
Emilio Jacinto, Guillermo Masangkay and other
katipuneros disguised themselves as sailors.
Katipuneros used the boat Caridad to get near the
ship .
Rizal was later transferred to Castilla while waiting
for the ship Isla de Panay that would take him to
.
Barcelona.
The ARREST
The discovery of Katipunan was a result of
Teodoro Patińo’s disclosure of the organization’s
secret to Fr. Mariano Gil on August 19, 1896. The
Spanish authorities made mass arrests of
Katipuneros and their sympathizers in Manila.
On August 23, 1896, the historic “Cry of
Pugadlawin” took place. Bonifacio asked the
.
Katipuneros of their readiness to fight Spaniards
for whatever cost.
After cutting the telephone lines in the capital,
Bonifacio and the Katipuneros attacked Manila
but was later forced to retreat to Balara (now
Quezon City)
The province of Cavite was fearlessly attacked by
Emilio Aguinaldo and Artemio Ricarte, while
Maximo Viola and his men attacked government
.
installations in province of Bulacan.
Governor General Blanco, in return issued a decree declaring
a state of war in the provinces of Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite,
Laguna, Manila, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and Tarlac which
are all placed under martial law.
Rizal was upset because he heard that he was being blamed
for the disturbance in Manila. On September 3, 1896, Rizal
boarded Isla de Panay and sailed to Singapore. Some of his
companions persuaded Rizal to stay in Singapore to avoid
possible. arrest in Spain.
On September 27, 1896, the Isla de Panay
resumed its voyage to the Mediterranean Sea
passing through Port Said via Colombo, Aden,
and Suez Canal. On September 30, while the Isla
de Panay was sailing the in the Mediterranean, a
telegraphic message was received ordering Rizal
be placed under arrest.
.
On October 3, the Isla de Panay arrived in
Barcelona. Rizal was sent to the Montjuich Castle
to await the departure of the vessel Colon which
was on its way to Manila. An hour later, Rizal was
presented to General Ramon Despujol who
informed him of a telegram from Madrid that he
would be treated as a prisoner and would be send
back. to Manila.
TRIAL
Upon his arrival, the civil guards brought and
escorted him to Fort Santiago on orders that he
would detained there and held incommunicado.
On November 20, 1896, Rizal was brought before
a Spanish military tribunal headed by Colonel
Francisco Olive. Fifteen documents were used as
.
evidence against Rizal namely:
A letter from Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce ,
dated October 16, 1888 in Madrid showing Rizal’s
connection to with the reform movement in Spain ;
A letter of Rizal to his family , dated August 20,
1890 in Madrid, stating that the deportations are
good because will grow hate the Spanish tyranny;
A letter from Marcelo Del Pilar to Deodato
Arelllano
. , Dated January 7, 1889. from Madrid
implicating Rizal with Propaganda Movement.
A poem called Kundiman which was allegedly
written by Rizal in which Spain is alluded as a
despot and the Philippines is its slave and it prays
for someone who could free her from bondage;
A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified person,
September 18, 1891, from Barcelona stating that
Rizal was a man who could free the Philippines
from. the oppression of Spain;
A Masonic document, dated February 9, 1892,
honoring Rizal’s patriotic achievements;
A letter signed Dimasalang , to Ten Luz ( Juan
Zulueta ) dated May 24, 1892, Hong Kong stating
that he was preparing for a safe haven for
Filipinos who may be deported by the Spanish
authorities;
A letter signed Dimasalang to an unidentified
.
committee dated July 1 1892, from Hong Kong
soliciting aid.
An anonymous and undated letter to the editor of
Hong Kong Telegraph censuring the Banishment
of Rizal to Dapitan.
A letter of IIdefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated
September 17, 1893 saying that the Filipinos look
up Rizal as their savior.
A letter of Rizal , dated September 17, 1893 in
forming an unidentified correspondent of the
. and deportation of Doroteo Cortes and
arrest
Ambrosio Salvador.
A letter of Marcelo H. Del Pilar to Juan Tenluz
recommending the establishment of a special
organization , independent of the Freemasonry to help
the Filipino people;
The transcript of the speech of Pinkian
(Emilio Jacinto) in a meeting of Katipunan July 23, 1893
in which the following cry was reportedly uttered “ Long
Live the Philippines ! Long Live Liberty! Long Live Dr.
.
Jose Rizal! Unity!
Transcript of the speech of Tiktik( Jose Turiano
Santiago) during the same meeting of Katipunan
in which the Katipunan shouted Long Live Liberty
! Long Live Dr. Jose Rizal ! Death to the
oppressor!
A poem by Laong Laan entitled A Talisay which
he made the Dapitan schoolboys sing so that
they. will know how to fight for their rights.
The Following Filipinos were made to give
statements regarding Rizal’s activities upon his
arrival in Madrid, Hong Kong and Manila:

Aguedo Del Rosario Llamas, a native of Mindoro

stated that Rizal was a honorary president of
Katipunan, in that his portrait hangs in the session
hall of
. the society.
Martin Constantino , stated that the objectives of
the association were to execute Spaniards,
declare independence of the Philippines , and
place Rizal as its supreme leader.
Jose Reyes , declare the following in his
statements : that Rizal was one of the Masons
who campaigned for the independence of the
Philippines; that Moises Salvador arrived from
. following directives from Rizal to establish
Spain
La Liga Filipina.
Moises Salvador , the founder and president of an
association of Filipinos in Madrid , Stated that
Rizal and Marcelo Del Pilar were leaders of La
Liga Filipina.
Jose Dizon , stated that La Liga was amassing
funds for the expenses of the resurrection , and
that Katipunan and the La Liga were one and the
same society.
Pio Valenzuela
. , stated that meeting in Pasig ,
some agreed to take trip to Japan after consulting
Rizal.
Domingo Franco , declared that Rizal was the one
who called for a meeting in the house of Doroteo
Ongjunco . He likewise stated that Rizal discussed
the need for setting up La Liga Filipina for it to
gather funds and hasten the separation of the Phil .
from Spain.
Ambrosio Salvador , testified that during the
meeting at Ongjunco’s house , a proposal was
made to
. organize La Liga and that Rizal was
elected president.
Deodato Arellano , stated that Rizal La Liga
Filipina was to carry out a subversive propaganda
in the island, and when Rizal was exiled in
Dapitan, that masonic Lodge was to collect funds
to arrange his escape.
Pedro Serrano Laktaw , admitted that he made
trips with Rizal in Tarlac, and that he was present
. meeting the house of Ongjunco.
in the
Francisco Quison , stated that there was an
agreement among the leaders of Katipunan to
send Dr. Pio Valenzuela to Dapitan and seek
advice of Rizal whom they considered a supreme
leader. He also stated that members of the
society decided to launch a revolution.

These. testimonies were used to implicate Rizal to

Philippine Revolution.
On December 13, the case was forwarded to
Governor General Camilo de Polavieja who had
replaced Governor Ramon Blanco. They
approved a trial by court martial for Rizal.
Rizal’s actual trial began on December 26, 1896.
It was held at the Hall of Banners of the Cuartel
de España in Fort Santiago. It was presided over
by Lt.
. Col. Togores Arjona and Lt. Enrique
Alcocer represented the prosecution.
THE ARRAIGNMENT
The following are the charges against Dr. Jose Rizal
which were summarized and filed by the Spanish
authorities in the Philippines. The crimes were then
punished by death because on October 25, 1896,
Governor General Ramon Blanco issued a decree
imposing the death penalty by firing squad, after court
martial proceedings, dispensing with all formalities upon
all who assist the rebel by: Sabotage, giving of
.
information, supplying food or ammunition, or
processing the desertion of Filipino soldiers. This decree
affected the trial of Rizal.
In defending himself Rizal presented twelve
arguments. Despite of this arguments, the military
judged Rizal guilty of the charges and voted for
the death penalty.
1. Could not guilty of rebellion because they told
Katipunan emissary Pio Valenzuela not to rise
revolt.
. he did not corresponds to the revolutionist
2. That
3. That the revolutionist used his name without his
knowledge and if they were guilty ,he would have
escaped to Singapore
4. if he had a hand in the revolution , he would
have escaped with the help of the Moros and he
would not have built home , a hospital and bought
lands in Dapitan
5. La. Liga Filipina did not last long after he was
deported to Dapitan
6. If he was the head of the revolution , why he
was not consulted by the revolutionist
7. Rizal said that La Liga Filipina was not a
revolutionary organization but a civic organization
8. If La Liga Filipina was reorganized after his
deportation , he did not know about it
9. La Liga did not serve the objective of the
revolutionist
. ,otherwise why did revolutionist
replaced it with the katipunan
10. If it was true that there were bitter contents of Rizal’s
letter , it was because they were written when his family was
evicted from their lands and were persecuted by the
authorities
11. His life in Dapitan was exemplary and the politico military
leaders and the missionaries can attest to that
12. Finally , it was not true that the revolution was inspired by
his speech in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco . Rizal asked
why the.Katipunan sent an emissary who was unknown to
him in Dapitan. The ones who know him surely knew that he
would never sanction any violent movement.
THE VERDICT
After the announcement of his death sentence.
Rizal was transferred to the prison chapel. He
requested that his former professor at the Ateneo
join him during his last moments. Among his
visitor were Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata, Rector of
the Ateneo Municipal, and Fr. Luis Viza who
brought
. with him image of the Sacred Heart of
Jesus which Rizal sculpted at the Ateneo.
Other visitors arrived in the morning were Fr.
Antonio Rossell who ate breakfast with Rizal. Lt.
Luis Taviel de Andrade also arrived and Rizal
thanked him for his gallant services. Other visitor
who followed were Fr. Federico Faura followed by
Fr. Jose Villaclara and Fr. Vicente Balaguer.
.
THE DEATH
The dramatic death of Rizal in Bagumbayan on
December 30, 1896 was one of the most captured
moments in the history of the Philippines. He was the
first historical celebrity who was in the 19th century
Philippines to be executed in public. Rizal’s prophecy of
his death at the age of 30 was a miscalculation because
he lived for five more years at the age of 35. He was
consoled by his family early morning of the day. They
.
were more melancholic than Rizal who was waiting his
death sentence by firing squad.
While talking to Trinidad in Tagalog, Spanish and
English in order to confuse the guardia civil about
the secret conversation, Rizal clandestinely
instructed her that “there is something inside the
alcohol lamp,” the last letter of Rizal commonly
known today as Mi Ultimo Adios. The last poem
ever written by Rizal is now being immortalized by
most. Filipinos and this is even translated in 22
languages.
While talking to Trinidad in Tagalog, Spanish and
English in order to confuse the guardia civil about
the secret conversation, Rizal clandestinely
instructed her that “there is something inside the
alcohol lamp,” the last letter of Rizal commonly
known today as Mi Ultimo Adios. The last poem
ever written by Rizal is now being immortalized by
most. Filipinos and this is even translated in 22
languages.
At 1:30 in the morning, Rizal woke up, prayed and
confessed again. He would confess four timed
that early morning. In between confession, Rizal
prayed the rosary and wore a blue scapular of the
Immaculate Virgin. After confessing for the last
time, Rizal heard the mass from Fr. Balaguer and
received
. a communion on bended knees.
At 5:00 in the morning, Rizal had his last breakfast,
autographed his remaining books which became his last
souvenirs. Josephine arrived together with Narcisa.
Rizal requested that he and Josephine be finally
married. Fr. Balaguer performed the marriage rights and
gave to Josephine the book, Imitacion de Cristo by
Thomas Kempis which he autographed. Afterwards, he
wrote three farewell letters, one to his father, another to
.
his mother, one to Dr. Bluementritt and the last to
Paciano.
At around 6:30, Rizal was taken from his cell. He
was elegantly dressed in black and his arms were
tied from elbow to elbow. He had a small black
rosary under his right arm. He put on his chistera
hat.
.
The march to Bagumbayan began with four
soldier with rifles and bayonets preceding Rizal
who had Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade on his side
and Fr. March and Villaclara on the other side.
Behind him was a platoon of soldier rifles with
fixed bayonets. The sound of muffled drums
accompanied
. the marchers.
A colonel took Rizal to the site of his execution. Then a
priest blessed him. A medical officer Dr. Felipe Ruiz
Castillo took his pulse and found to his surprise that it
was normal. With his right hand, Rizal took off his hat.
The drums sounded out a roll and the commanding
officer ordered his men to aim by means of his saber.
When the saber droped there was a simultaneous
crack of gunfire and Jose Rizal made one last effort to
drop on. his back with his face facing the sky. It was
exactly, 7:03 in the morning.
The medical officer stepped forward and felt Rizal’s
pulse. He was still alive and he mentioned to a
member of the firing squad and gave Rizal a coup
de grace at close range. After it was confirmed that
Rizal was really dead, the soldiers marched off and
ordered turn their heads towards the body. The
Spanish spectators shouted Viva España!
Rizal’s
. body was secretly buried at the Paco
Cemetery.
MI ULTIMO ADIOS
ccording to Austin Coates (Rizal’s British
biographer) this poem is remarkable for it
achieves four separate purposes.
It is a poem of farewell.
It is an appeal to the Filipinos not to forget
him.
It is. Rizal’s last will and testament.
It is Rizal’s autobiography.
It was Andres Bonifacio who translated the poem
in Tagalog. Mariano Ponce was the first to use the
title Mi Ultimo Pensamiento (My Last Thought).
When it was published in La Independencia, the
title was changed to Mi Ultimo Adios which it is
popularly known today.
The original manuscript that Rizal gave to his
sister disappeared and was believed to have been
taken. by Josephine Bracken when she returned in
Hong Kong in 1897.
.