BUILDING CONSTRUCTION &

MATERIALS
( Speedy construction upto
foundation Level & defects and
remedies in a building )

SUBMITTED BY –
( GROUP 3 )
HARSHIT MANSHANI
MAHIMA GUPTA
MOHINI GUPTA
VISHNU KUMAR
DEFECTS IN A BUILDING

DEFECTS

STRUCTURAL NON – STRUCTURAL

DEFECT DEFECT

Cracks in foundation (substructure) Defect in brick work

Cracks in floor and slab (superstructure) Dampness in old structure
Cracks in walls (superstructure) Defects in plaster work
 CRACKS ON WALLS
 It is the nature of many construction materials to
crack as they age and as they expand and contract,
particularly with exposure as they get wet and dry
out alternately.
VERTICAL CRACKS AWAY FROM CORNERS
 The crack is running along between the foundation and
the top of the building. Cracks are usually the widest at
the top of the building diminishing to a hairline crack
at or near the foundation level.
CRACKS BETWEEN BAY WINDOW CORNERS
 Cracking at sides of bay window in either
masonry construction or timber stud
construction. It may become quite wide ranging
to 5 – 15mm.
CAUSES AND REMEDIES
1. ELASTIC DEFORMATION –
It occur when a material strains under stress.
When two materials having different elastic
properties built together under the effect of
load then different shear stresses in these
materials creates cracks at junction.
REMEDY –
Create slip joints
under the support of
concrete slab on walls.
Provide horizontal
movement joints
between the top of brick
panel and reinforced
2. THERMAL MOVEMENT –
Most material expand when they are heated and
contract when they are cooled. The expansion and
contraction of a material in a building is one of the
most potent causes of cracking which needs
REMEDY –
attention.
Joints should be constructed like construction
joints, expansion joints, control joints and slip
joints. The joints should be planned at the time of
3. design
CHEMICAL REACTION
and constructed –
carefully.
Reaction may occur due to the materials used to
make concrete that come into contact with
REMEDYafter
concrete – it is hardened.
To prevent cracking due to corrosion it is
desirable to use concrete of richer mix for thin
4. FOUNDATION MOVEMENT –
• Unequal bearing pressure under different part of
structure
• Low REMEDY – safety in the design of foundation.
factor of
The design of foundation should be based on
sound engineering principles and good
practices.
5. VEGETATION–
Fast growing trees in the area around the walls can
cause cracks due to expansive action of roots
REMEDY
growing – the foundation.
under
Do not grow trees too close to the building.
Remove any saplings of trees as soon as possible if
they start growing in or near walls.
TECHNIQUES FOR CURING CRACKS -
1. EPOXY INJECTION 1.

2. ROUTING AND SEALING

3. STITCHING

2. 3.
TECHNIQUES FOR CURING CRACKS -
4. DRILLING AND PLUGGING

5. GRAVITY FILLING
6.
6. DRY PACKING
4.