SEMI SOLIDS
OR
SEMI LIQUIDS
By
Abinaya Thiruselvam
Umaiyal V
MEANING
FALSELY SOLID OR SEMI SOLID is the physical term
for something whose state lies between a solid and
liquid.
They show properties of both solids and liquids.
examples
Petroleum jelly
Mayonnaise
Peanut butter
Hand sanitizer
Glue
Grease
Grease
Greases are semi solid lubricants which consist of
metallic soap in lubricating oil.
thick, oily lubricant consisting of inedible lard, the
rendered fat of waste animal parts, or a
petroleum-derived or synthetic oil containing a
thickening agent.
Preparation of Grease
They are made by SAPONIFICATION OF FAT WITH
ALKALI followed by addition of hot lubricating oil
with constant stirring.
Consistency of grease is governed by amount of oil
added.
Conditions for using semisolid lubricants
When it is necessary to seal the bearing or joint
against the dirty and dust particles
When the machine is worked at low speed under
high load.
When lubricating oil is not suitable for machines.
Types of grease
Calsium based grease
Soda based grease
Lithium based grease
Axle grease
Calcium based grease
Calcium based grease
Prepared by mixing of calcium soap with petroleum
oil.
Insoluable in water
These can be used upto 80 degree celcius.
Also called cup grease.
Based on its composition it has very good water
resistance.
Due to its good pumping ability it is mainly used in
central lubricating systems.
Suitable for the lubrication of pivots, joints and
springs.
It is used in car factories as a maintenance grease
owing to its compatibility with car paints.
Temperature range: between: -30 °C and +60 °C
Soda based grease
Soda based grease(sodium soap)
Prepared by mixing SODIUM SOAP WITH
PETROLEUM OIL.
Soluable in water
Can be used upto 175 degree celcius.
Use in ball bearings
Good lubricity
Shear stability
Low oil separation
Lithium based grease
Lithium based grease
Prepared by mixing LITHIUM SOAP WITH PETROLEUM OIL.
They are water resistant.
They have High stability and suitable for use at high
temperature.
Uses:
Used in a wide range of equipment including industrial,
construction and marine applications.
Features:
Moisture repellent
Long shelf life
Precisely processed
Axle grease
Prepared by adding lime or any metal hydroxide to
fatty acids
They are water resistant, suitable for high
temperature and low speed.
Used in tractor rollors and machine bearings
Semi solid epoxy resins
Semi solid epoxy resins bridge the processing gap
between liquid and solid epoxy resins
Epoxies are generally two part systems designed for
high performance bonding.
They offer various levels of tack at room
temperature
they are generally very hard, durable adhesives
that bond to many substrates successfully in more
extreme environments.
Epoxy adhesives can exhibit a range of flexibility
and clarity as well as cure speed.
Epoxies have excellent gap filling properties due to
their high cohesive strength.
Pourability at slightly elevated temperatures
Uses of Semisolid Epoxy Resins
Coatings- To improve flow and leveling
Adhesives- To achieve various levels of tack
Other applications include adhesives, electrical
casting, electrical laminates and fibres
GLUE
A sticky substance that is used for joining things
together .
Types of Glue
White craft glue
Yellow wood glue
Super glue(cyanoacrylate adhesives)
Hot glue
White craft glue
Porous lightweight materials such as paper,
cardboard, cloth and kids craft.
Water based. Easy to clean up and low toxicity
Yellow wood glue
Yellow wood glue
Water based glue.
Made of vinyl acetate polymers as craft glue.
There are three types
Type 1: Exhibits waterproof properties
Type 2: Will perform better in exterior conditions
such as outdoor furniture and trim
Type 3: Is not water resistant
Super glue
Super glue(cyanoacrylate adhesives)
They form a very strong bond and dry clear.
Work best in tensile applications that have low
impact strength.
Waterproof
Good for projects involving wood, metal, ceramic,
leather, glass, and some plastic where bond line is
very tight.
super glues are not good for foamed plastic, unless
specified on the bottle.
Hot glue
Hot glue
The melting and cooling of polymers provides
methods of delivery and adhesion for hot melt
adhesives
Hot glues is most commonly applied using a glue
gun and comes in low and high melting options
Can be used on porous and non-porous surfaces
Due to its high viscosity it can bond uneven surfaces
together and is great at filling gaps
Paints
Paint is a coating applied to the surface in form of
a liquid dispersion, which is then hardens forming a
solid film.
The functions of paints
Protection of the part surface from the environmental factors
(Oxygen and other chemically active gases, moisture, dissolved salts
and other chemicals, temperature, bacteria, fungi).
Corrosion protection is the most important function of paints.
Aesthetic appearance provided by the paint color and sheen
Providing a desired ability of reflection-absorption of heat and
light.
Changing the surface properties: ant-friction, hardness, electrical
conductivity.
Identification of products according to the color of the paint.
Classification of paints by physical type
Solvent borne paints
Water borne paints
Solvents borne paints
Solvent-borne paints (oil paints) are the paints formulated on the base
of Hydrocarbon solvents serving as a vehicle carrying the solid
components (binders, pigments and additives).
A solvent-borne paint may contain up to 80% of solid constituents
dispersed in the solvent.
Solvent-borne paints dry rapidly and may contain a wide range of
binders.
The main disadvantage of the solvent-borne paints is their toxicity.
Hydrocarbon solvents refer to volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
which evaporate fast and enter human body through breathing the
fumes.
Another disadvantage of the solvent-borne paints is flammability (low
flash point and autoignition point).
Water borne paints
Water-borne paints (latex paints) are the paints formulated
on the base of water as the major solvent serving as a
vehicle carrying the solid components
Water-borne paints commonly contain up to 15%
of Hydrocarbon solvents, which control the paint viscosity
and wettability.
Water soluble paints contain 30-40% of solids dissolved in
the water-based dispersion media consisting of water and
up to 15% of water miscible organic Solvents (eg., alcohols,
glycol ethers).
Water solved paints provide good corrosion protection and
high gloss.
Some water soluble paints are water sensitive.
Advantages and disadvantages of
water-borne paints
Advantages of water-borne paints:
Low toxicity due to low content of VOC (volatile organic compounds).
No/low fire hazard.
Various types of substrates (wood, metal, plastic, glass, concrete) may be
coated.
Different application techniques may be used (brushing, spraying, dip,
flow, roller)
Disadvantages of water-borne paints:
Low drying rate at high humidity.
May be more expensive than Solvent-borne paints
Limited coating thickness (up to 1.2 minch/30 mkm).
Corrosion resistant equipment (tanks, pipes, fittings) is required.
Emulsion paints
Emulsion paints (latex paints) are the water-borne
paints, in which the resin binders are dispersed in
the solvent in form of small insoluble resin particles
The the emulsion paints contain resins binders with high
molecular mass (up to 1 million):
Polyvinyl acetate
Styrene-butadiene copolymers
Acrylics
Alkyds
Polysterene
Semisolid dosage forms
Pharmaceutical semisolid dosage preparations
include ointments, pastes, cream, gels
These preparations are usually used topically (ie.
Applied on the body surfaces - skin, or mucous
membranes)
Oinments
Ointments are homogeneous, semi-solid
preparations intended for external application to
the skin or mucous membranes. They are used as
emollients or for the application of active
ingredients to the skin for protective, therapeutic, or
prophylactic purposes.
Pastes
Pastes are homogeneous, semi-solid
preparations containing high concentrations of
insoluble powdered substances (usually not less
than 20%) dispersed in a suitable base. The
pastes are usually less greasy, more
absorptive, and stiffer in consistency than
ointments because of the large quantity of
powdered ingredients present.
Creams
Creams are homogeneous, semi-solid preparations.
Creams are intended for application to the skin or
certain mucous membranes for protective,
therapeutic, purposes. The term "cream" is most
frequently used to describe soft, cosmetically
acceptable types of preparations.
Gels
Gels are usually homogeneous, clear, semi-solid
preparations. Gels are applied to the skin or
certain mucous membranes for protective,
therapeutic, purposes.
Thank you
