OVERVIEW AND DETAILS

REGARDING SEWERAGE
SCHEMES
 MANUAL ON SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE
TREATMENT SYSTEMS PUBLISHED BY MINISTRY
OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT.(GOVT. OF INDIA)

This Manual gives the guidelines for Planning and Design of Sewerage

system and Sewage Treatment Plants.

 DESIGN PERIOD OF SEWERAGE
COMPONENTS
S.NO COMPONENTS DESIGN PERIOD YEAR
(FROM BASE YEAR)
1 Land Acquisition 30 Years or More
2 Conventional Sewers (A) 30
3 Non- Conventional Sewers (B) 15
4 Pumping Mains 30
5 Pumping Stations- Civil Work 30
6 Pumping Machinery 15
7 Sewage Treatment Plants 15
8 Effluent Disposal 30
9 Effluent Utilization 15 or as the case may be
(A) Typical Underground Sewers with manholes laid in the roads
(B) All types such as small bore, shallow sewers, pressure sewers, vacuum
sewer.
 POPULATION FORECAST & PER CAPITA
SEWAGE FLOW

 Arithmetic Increase Method

 Incremental Increase Method
 Geometric Increase Method
 As per Department instructions 0.798% per annum growth
based on 2011 census.

 Per capita sewage flow is taken as 135 LPCD and

85% of it is taken as reaching the sewerage system.
 GROUND WATER AND FILTERATION

• Estimate of flow in sanitary sewers should include certain flow due to infiltration of
ground water, where the sewer is laid under the ground water. Ground water
infiltration should be estimated as under :-

Minimum Maximum
Litres/ha/day 5000 50,000
Litres/km/day 500 5000
Litres/day/manhole 250 500

However, the design infiltration value should be limited to a maximum of 10% of

the design value of sewage flow.
 PEAK FACTOR FOR CONTRIBUTORY
POPULATION
CONTRIBUTORY POPULATION PEAK FACTOR

UP TO 20,000 3.00

ABOVE 20,001 TO 50,000 2.50

ABOVE 50,001 TO 7,50,000 2.25

ABOVE 7,50,001 2.00

 TYPES OF COLLECTION SYSTEMS

• SEPARATE SEWERS
These sewers receive domestic sewage and such industrial wastes pre-treated to the
discharge standards as per the Environment Protection Act 1986. The consent to discharge into
sewers are given by the local pollution control administration.

• COMBINED SEWERS
These sewers receive storm water in addition and have some advantages in locations of
intermittent rainfall almost throughout the year and with a terrain permitting gravitated collection
and obviously being confined to a very small region as a whole. As otherwise, in regions of
seasonal rainfall like in monsoons, the combined system will have serious problems in achieving
self cleansing velocities during dry seasons and necessitating complicated egg shaped sewers etc.
to sustain velocities at such times, plus the treatment plant to be designed to manage strong
sewage in dry season and dilute sewage in monsoon season as also the hydraulics. These sewers
are also ideally suited for resorts and private development.
 MATERIAL OF PIPES

• S.W. PIPES

• RCC PIPES

• UPVC PIPES

• HDPE PIPES

• CAST IN SITU RCC CUM BRICK SEWER

• THE CHIEF ADVANTAGES OF UPVC PIPES ARE RESISTANCE TO

CORROSION, LIGHT WEIGHT FOR TRANSPORTATION, TOUGHNESS,
RIGIDITY, ECONOMICAL IN LAYING, JOINTING AND MAINTENANCE
AND EASY TO FABRICATE.
 SIZE OF SEWER
As per IS Code No. IS 15328:2003 for Upvc Pipes
Nominal Ring Stiffness, SN 2 4 8
(Kn/m2)
Dimension Ration (SDR) 51 41 34
Pipe Series S 25 S 20 S 16.5
Nominal outside diameter, (d, Wall Thickness , e (mm)
mm)
110 - - 3.2 +0.5
125 - 3.2 +0.5 3.7 + 0.7
160 3.2 + 0.5 4.0 + 0.6 4.7 + 0.7
200 3.9 + 0.6 4.9 + 0.7 5.9 + 0.8
250 4.9 + 0.7 6.2 + 0.8 7.3 + 1.0
315 6.2 + 0.8 7.7 + 1.0 9.2 + 1.2
400 7.9 + 1.0 9.8 + 1.2 11.7 + 1.4
500 9.8 + 1.2 12.3 +1.4 14.6 + 1.7
630 12.3 + 1.4 15.4 + 1.7 18.4 + 1.9
 DESIGN VELOCITY IN SEWER

S.NO CRITERIA VALUE

1. Minimum Velocity at initial peak flow 0.6 m/s

2. Minimum Velocity at ultimate peak flow 0.8 m/s

3. Maximum Velocity 3 m/s

 FLOW IN GRAVITY SEWERS
Flow in gravity sewers is governed by Manning’s formula as under :-

where,
Q : Discharge in l/s
S : Slope of hydraulic gradient
D : Internal diameter of pipe line in mm
R : Hydraulic radius in m
V : Velocity in m/s
n : Manning’s coefficient of roughness
 DESIGN DEPTH OF FLOW

The sewers shall not run full as otherwise the pressure will rise above or fall below the

atmospheric pressure and condition of open channel flow will cease to exist. Moreover,

from consideration of ventilation, sewers should not be designed to run full. In case of

circular sewers, the Manning’s formula reveals that :-

• The velocity at 0.8 depth of flow is 1.14 times the velocity at full depth of flow.

• The discharge at 0.8 depth of flow is 0.98 times the discharge at full depth of flow.

Accordingly, the maximum depth of flow in design shall be limited to 0.8 of the

diameter at ultimate peak flow.

 SLOPE OF SEWER

S.NO SEWER SIZE (MM) MINIMUM SLOPE

As Percent As 1 in
1 150 0.60 170
2 200 0.40 250
3 250 0.28 360
4 300 0.22 450
5 375 0.15 670
6 450 0.12 830
7 > 525 0.10 1000
 SPACING OF MANHOLES
Manhole should be provided at least at a spacing of 30 m. In addition manholes should
be provided at all junctions, bends, change in gradient and change in size.
Rectangular manhole for 1.5 m × 0.9 m clear in plan and depth 0.9 m to 2.5 m

Contd...
 VENTILATING SHAFTS

Aim is to remove the gases and relieve the pressure in the system. These are connected

to the manholes. Normal spacing is 300m and height is 9 to 10mt. The material of

construction can be cast Iron or RCC. Due to high Scrap value of CI, RCC vent shafts

are preferred.
 STAGING OF SEWERAGE WORKS
Due to enormous scope of sewerage work, it is desirable to set up priorities for taking up the
works of different component for execution. It is generally noticed that most of sewerage schemes
are not completed for want of funds, land, as well as due to public litigation and execution of work
in improper sequence. The partially executed schemes could not be made functional. Therefore,
the priorities of works shall be followed during execution in sequence as shown below.
(1)Sewage treatment plants
(2) Trunk mains
(3) Sewage pumping stations (if required)
(4) Main sewers
(5) Sub main sewers
(6) Sewers (Laterals)
The works at Sr. No. 1 to 3 mentioned above can be taken simultaneously. However, only after
completion of all works from Sr. 1 to 6 mentioned above, the property connections shall be given.
In case, part of main sewer or sub main sewer is not laid for want of land acquisition issues or any
public litigation, the work of sewer lines joining that particular sub main/main sewer shall be
postponed. Following such priorities, the executed works could be put into use, thus the
expenditure made on structures shall not be proved unfruitful.
 IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN WASTE WATER
TREATMENT

Facultative process : Biological treatment process in which organisms can function in

the presence or absence of molecular oxygen.

Nitrification : The two steps biological process by which Ammonia is converted

first to nitrite and then to nitrate.

Stabilization : The biological process by which organic matter in sludge

produced from primary settling and biological treatment of
waster water is stabilized usually by conversion to gases and cell
tissue. Depending upon whether this stabilization is carried out
under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, the process is known as
aerobic or anaerobic digestion.

Contd..
 IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN WASTE WATER
TREATMENT

Aerobic Process : Biological Treatment process that occurs in the presence of

oxygen.

Anaerobic Process : Biological Treatment process that occurs in the absence of

oxygen.

Anoxic Process : The process by which nitrate nitrogen is converted biologically to

nitrogen gas in the absence of oxygen. The process is also called
Dentrification. During this process, dissolved oxygen and nitrate
are depleted whereas Ammonia concentration increases.

Contd..
 IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN WASTE WATER
TREATMENT
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)-
A standard measure of waste water strength that quantifies the oxygen consumed in
a stated in a stated period of time usually 5 days at 20°C.

• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)-

A standard measure of the oxygen equivalent of the organic material in waste water
that can be oxidized chemically using dichromate in an acid solution.

• Sludge-
Accumulated and concentrated solids generated within the waste water treatment
process that have not undergone a stabilization process.

Contd..
 IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN WASTE WATER
TREATMENT
Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS)-

The mixture of solids regulating from combining recycled sludge influent waste

water in the bioreactor is termed Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS).

Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS)-

Those solids that can be volatilized and burned off when the Total Suspended (TSS) are

ignited at 500 +50 C.

 OBJECTIVE OF SEWAGE TREATMENT

• The objective of sewage treatment is to reduce the polluting substances to (a) the
standards laid down by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) of the
Government of India (GOI) and these cannot be relaxed by the State Pollution
Control Boards (PCB), but they can prescribe more stringent standards specific to
the discharge environment and (b) the specified limits of faecal coliforms laid down
by the National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD).
 TREATMENT STANDARDS
Recommended Guidelines for Treated Sewage if Discharged into Surface Water to be
used as source of Drinking Water
Parameter MOEF Standards (A) Recommended
values
BOD, mg/L 30 Less than 10

SS, mg/L 100 Less than 10

TN, mg/L 100 Less than 10

Dissolved P, 5 Less than 2

mg/L

Faecal Coliforms, Not specified Less than 230 Contd..

MPN/100 mL
Ministry of Environment & Forests Notification dated 13-10-2017
Effluent discharge standards (for all mode of disposals)

pH 6.5 – 9.0
BOD < 30 for all areas other than
metro cities.
< 20 for metro cities.
Total suspended solids (TSS) < 100 for areas other than
Metro cities.
< 50 for metro cities
Feacal Coliform (FC) < 1000 anywhere in the
country.

Contd…
Standards for Treated Effluent of STP as per Punjab Pollution Control Board
vide Notification dated 16-08-2016
S.NO PARAMETER STANDARDS FOR NEW STPs/ EFFLUENT
CHARACTERISTIICS AT THE FINAL OUTLET
OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS (STPs)
1 pH 6.5 to 9.0
2 BOD < 10 mg/l
3 COD < 50 mg/l
4 TSS < 10 mg/l
5 Feacal Coliform < 230 /100 mg/l
6 PO4-P < 2 mg/l
7 Ammonical Nitrogen as N < 5 mg/l
8 N-total < 10 mg/l
9 SAR (Sodium Absorption < 3.5 mg/l
Ratio)
10 EC (Electrical < 2000 us/cm
Conductivity)
 Notification dated 04-09-2018 of Punjab Pollution Control Board

Punjab Pollution control board has made modification in its notification dated 16-08-2016 as
under :-
•All the new STPs to be set up after the Board’s notification dated 16.8.2016 shall conform to the
standards prescribed in the said notification.
•All the existing STPs, which were in operation before 16.8.2016 and have already been upgraded
to achieve the standards prescribed by the PPCB vide notification dated 16.8.2016, shall continue
to achieve these standards.
•All the existing STPs, which were in operation before 16.8.2016, but are yet to be upgraded to
achieve the standards prescribed vide notification 16.8.2016, shall comply with the following
standards upto 13.10.2022 and will thereafter achieve the standards prescribed in Board’s
notification dated 16.8.2016
Contd…..
S.NO PARAMETER PRESCRIBED STANDARDS AT THE OUTLET
OF STP
1 pH 6.5 to 9.0
2 BOD 30 mg/l
3 COD 50 mg/l
4 TSS 100 mg/l
5 Feacal Coliform (MPN/100ml) 1000 /100 mg/l
6 PO4-P 2 mg/l
7 Ammonical Nitrogen as N 5 mg/l
8 N-total 10 mg/l
9 SAR (Sodium Absorption 3.5 mg/l
Ratio)
10 EC (Electrical Conductivity) 2000 us/cm
 VARIOUS PROCESSES FOR TREATMENT OF
MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER

 Activated Sludge Process (ASP)

 Extended Aeration Process (EAP)

 Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)

 Moving Bed Biological Reactor (MBBR) or Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR)

 Membrane Bio Reactor (MBR)

 Up Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB)

 Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP)

 ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS (ASP)

 Involves production of activated bio mass capable of stabilizing waste under

aerobic conditions.

 It consists of 3 basic components:

 A reactor in which micro-organisms responsible for treatment are kept in

suspension and aerated.

 Liquid solids separation usually in a sedimentation tank.

A recycle system for returning solids removed from liquid solid separation unit
back to reactor.
Contd...
 Various modification of conventional Activated Sludge Process have been
developed omitting primary treatment because of significant odour problems
from primary tanks and primary sludge in areas having hot climates.
 Various such modified processes are Oxidation Ditch, Aerated Lagoons, Waste
Stabilization Ponds and Sequential Batch Reactors.

Pros:
 Proven process technology.
 Large dilution capacity for shock & toxic loads.

Cons:
 Requires more space.
 Longer HRT.
 Sludge re-circulation is required.
 Primary clarification is required which increases odor nuisance significantly.
 Energy requirement is high
 ASP – Flow Diagram

RAW
SEWAGE
SCREENING
GRIT
RAW SEWAGE INLET
CHAMBER GRIT REMOVAL PRIMARY CLARIFIER

CHLORINE

TREATED
WATER

DISINFECTION
AERATION TANK
SECONDARY
CLARIFIER

SLUDGE THICKNER
SLUDGE DRYING BEDS FILTRATE TO AT SLUDGE STABILISATION
Extended Aeration Process (EAP)
• This modification of activated sludge process is
based on a low food to microorganism ratio.

• As there is not much food (BOD) available for

bacterial consumption, the microorganisms
consume their own cell material for energy. At the
end of this phase a non- biodegradable residue
remains.

• The design of activated sludge process at a low

organic loading results in a high degree of oxidation
and minimum excess sludge production.
Extended Aeration Process (EAP)…….contd…
• However the volume of aeration basin becomes
larger and the required capacity of aeration
equipment is also more as extra oxygen is required

• At the same time, the burden of excess sludge

handling is considerably reduced as the excess
sludge production is substantially low and this
excess sludge is highly oxidized posing no smell or
odour.

• However extended aeration system needs

considerable power consumption, which involves
higher energy cost.

• This technology needs secondary clarifier.

 Extended Aeration Process (EAP)…contd
• High efficiency of BOD removal is achievable
provided proper aeration is maintained.

• Slight lack in maintenance can increase effluent

BOD. Moreover suspended solids removal
efficiency is not very high and to achieve the
high effluent standards, tertiary treatment
process will be required.

• The process is time tested, though requires

operational energy more than ASP but has the
advantage of generating better quality effluent.
Lesser space requirement and minimal sludge
handling requirement, which make the process
more feasible in an urban background for
moderate sized plants.
 Extended Aeration Process

Pros:
•Minimum excess sludge production.
Cons:
•Volume of aeration basin is more as compared to
ASP/SBR/MBBR.
•Power requirement is high.
•Suspended solids removal is not very high.
 Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR)

• This technology does not need any separate

primary removal treatment unit and efficiency as
claimed by executing agencies for BOD removal is
98%.

• Suspended solid reduction is also claimed to be

98%.

• This technology requires skilled manpower to

control the unit processes through SCADA, PLC
etc. due to its in-built automation technology.
 Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR):
Pros
• Small space requirement.
• Efficient transfer of oxygen resulting into higher efficiency.
• Lesser operating power requirement as compared to ASP.
• Nitrification & denitrification possible in single reactor.
• No recycling of bio-mass is required.
• No primary clarifier is required.

Cons
• Skilled man-power required.
• Repairs for SCADA and PLC etc. are sophisticated.
• Higher head loss due to reserve depth for de-cantation
 SBR- Flow Diagram
DIFFUSERS DECANTER

RAW
SEWAGE SCREENING
GRIT
INLET SBR - 1
GRIT REMOVAL
CHAMBER BLOWER

SBR - 2
BLOWER

RETURN SLUDGE

SURPLUS SLUDGE

CHLORINE

SLUDGE

TREATED
WATER TO
PUMP SLUDGE DIPSOSAL CHLORINE CONTACT TANK
CENTRIFUGE SUMP
(SLUDGE DEWATERING)
 Moving Bed Bio- Reactor (MBBR) or
Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR)
• It is a process which requires a bed in fluidized
state.

• The treatment efficiency is 85-90%.

• It requires high power input to keep bed material

fluidized.

• No need of primary clarifier.

• Higher maintenance cost is there due to high power

input requirement to keep the bed in fluidized state.
 Moving Bed Biological Reactor (MBBR):

Pros:
• High specific bio-film surface area.

• No sludge recycle is required

• Small space requirement.
• Simplicity in O&M.

• Can be operated at high organic loading rates

Cons
• Presence of packing material discourages the use of more
efficient fine bubble aeration.
 MBBR – Flow Diagram

RAW
SEWAGE
SCREENING
GRIT
RAW SEWAGE INLET
CHAMBER GRIT REMOVAL

CHLORINE

TREATED
WATER

DISINFECTION
AERATION TANK (MBBR)
SECONDARY
CLARIFIER

SLUDGE DRYING BEDS FILTRATE TO AERATION TANK

 Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR)
• The treatment efficiency is highest (98%), in this
process. But primary screening is essential to
maximize membrane life.

• The screening needs to be of the order of 1- 3 mm.

This increases the screening maintenance.

• This level of screening results in a significant

increase in screenings produced.

• The process requires highest capital and

maintenance costs.
 MBR- Flow Diagram

RAW
SEWAGE
SCREENING
GRIT
RAW SEWAGE INLET
CHAMBER GRIT REMOVAL

CHLORINE

TREATED
WATER

DISINFECTION
MBR TANK

SLUDGE DRYING BEDS FILTRATE TO AERATION TANK

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor
(UASB)
• The UASB Reactor maintains a high concentration of
biomass through formation of highly settleable microbial
aggregates. The process is suitable for both soluble
wastes and those containing particulate matters.

• Effluent BOD is in range of 70-100 mg/l, hence requires

second stage aerobic treatment to enable compliance
with discharge standards.

• The anoxic condition of treated effluent has high initial

oxygen demand and in turn consumes the dissolved
oxygen of any receiving water body and impairs its
quality.

• The process though is associated with low operational

cost and potential of power generation yet due to
various inherent deficiencies, this is yet to receive
recognition as a dependable technology.
 UASB - Flow Diagram

ELECTRICITY

RAW
SEWAGE SCREENING
GRIT
RAW SEWAGE INLET
CHAMBER GRIT REMOVAL
GAS
UASB ENGINE
CHLORINE

TREATED
WATER
DISINFECTION
GAS HOLDER
AERATION TANK / FACULTATIVE LAGOON
SECONDARY
CLARIFIER

SLUDGE THICKNER
SLUDGE DRYING BEDS FILTRATE TO AT
 Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP)

• These are earthen basins designed to treat the waste water naturally.
Waste Stabilization Ponds are also called Oxidation Ponds.

• When land is plenty and climatic conditions are favorable, waste

stabilization ponds make an attractive choice due to the capital cost
and operating costs being lowest.

• Practically no operational skill is required.

• Achievable removal efficiency for BOD5 and suspended solids is

90-95% and 85-90% respectively.
Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP)……..contd….

• Depending upon the biological activity, stabilization ponds can be

classified into 3 categories:

 Aerobic Ponds are also called Algae Ponds. The depth of these ponds
is about 1.0 to 1.5m so that natural aerobic conditions can prevail in
the pond. The oxygen required for treatment of the waste water is
supplied by algae photosynthesis and natural surface aeration.

 Anaerobic Ponds generally have depth of about 3 to 4m and work in

the absence of aeration.

 Facultative Ponds basically have various zones of biological activity;

top aerobic zone, middle facultative zone and bottom anaerobic zone.
The depth of these ponds varies from 2 to 4m.
 SMALL BORE SEWERAGE SYSTEM

Solid free sewerage system is a cost effective sustainable technology which is designed

to receive only the liquid portion of house hold waste water and troublesome solids are

retained in intercepting chamber installed up stream of every house connection to

sewer. As such, the sewer requires less velocity for flow of waste water and reduced

flow requirements (less than 50% of conventional system). In the Solid free sewerage

system, PVC pipes of minimum 100mm o/d should be adopted. To prevent choking of

sewerage system, inspection chambers are provided in each individual house to retain

Contd...
the solids and partially decompose the organic matter. Even the animal excreta
is also contained in the inspection chamber after preliminary treatment. Thus,
there would be no overflow of waste waters onto streets. A novel symphonic
system is incorporated for automatic flushing of sewer at regular intervals. In
this system, the conventional man holes have been omitted which are normally
never operated and are rather a source of dumping of garbage. Intercepting
chambers are required to be cleaned once in 3-5 years using trolley mounted
vacuum pumps.These features along-with the relative imperviousness of
HDPE / PVC pipes totally foreclose any possibility of infiltration of ground
water or ex-filtration of sewage contaminating the surrounding strata.

Contd…
Benefits of the technology have been reported as:

• The open drains have been eliminated and the streets are absolutely dry and

clean.

• No embarrassment to ladies and children due to open defecation.

• Distinct hygienic quality of life visible even in weaker section.

• People have become aware about the benefits of safe wastewater disposal.

• Minimum Operation & Maintenance cost.

CALCULATION OF BHP OF SEWAGE PUMPING
SET

BHP = Q x H x Sp. Gravity x margin

75 x n

Q = Discharge in LPS

H = Head in mt.

Sp. gravity = 1.1

Margin = 15%

n = Pump Efficiency
Thanks