University Instituteof Engineering Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science & Engineering) Computer Graphics (Cst-305)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
UNIVERSITY INSTITUTEOF ENGINEERING

Bachelor of Engineering (Computer
Science & Engineering)
COMPUTER GRAPHICS(CST-305)
DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

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University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

Contents
• Interactive Graphics display working

• Scan conversion:
• Raster scan
• Random scan conversion

Interactive Graphics display working
• Video Display Devices

– Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
– Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
– Plasma panels
– Thin-film electroluminescent display
– Light-emitting diodes (LED)
• Hard-Copy Devices
– Ink-jet printer
– Laser printer
– Film recorder
– Electrostatic printer
– Pen plotter

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

Cathode Ray Tube
The operation of CRT is very simple −

• The electron gun emits a beam of electrons (cathode rays).
• The electron beam passes through focusing and deflection
systems that direct it towards specified positions on the
phosphor-coated screen.
• When the beam hits the screen, the phosphor emits a small
spot of light at each position contacted by the electron beam.
• It redraws the picture by directing the electron beam back
over the same screen points quickly.

CRT
•Primary component is Heated
filament
•This cause the electron to boil
off

Raster Scan
• In a raster scan system, the electron beam is swept across

the screen, one row at a time from top to bottom.
• As the electron beam moves across each row, the beam
intensity is turned on and off to create a pattern of
illuminated spots.
• Picture definition is stored in memory area called
the Refresh Buffer or Frame Buffer. This memory area
holds the set of intensity values for all the screen points.

Raster Scan

Random Scan (Vector Scan)
• In this technique, the electron beam is directed only to the part of

the screen where the picture is to be drawn rather than scanning
from left to right and top to bottom as in raster scan.
• It is also called vector display, stroke-writing
display, or calligraphic display.
• Picture definition is stored as a set of line-drawing commands in
an area of memory referred to as the refresh display file.

Random Scan
To display a specified picture, the system cycles through the

set of commands in the display file, drawing each
component line in turn.

Color CRT
• This was one the earlier CRTs to produce color displays.

Coating phosphors of different compounds can produce
different colored pictures.
• But the basic problem of graphics is not to produce a picture
of a predetermined color, but to produce color pictures, with
the color characteristics chosen at run time.
• The basic principle behind colored displays is that combining
the 3 basic colors –Red, Blue and Green

Beam penetration
• This CRT is similar to the simple CRT, but it makes use of multi
coloured phosphorus of number of layers. Each phosphorus
layer is responsible for one colour.
• The organization is something like this - The red, green and
blue phosphorus are coated in layers - one behind the other.
• If a low speed beam strikes the CRT, only the red colored
phosphorus is activated, a slightly accelerated beam would
activate both red and green and a much more activated one
would add the blue component also.

Beam penetration
• Limited range of colors it produce

• It can produce a maximum of 4 to 5 colors

Shadow Masking
• This works, again, on the principle of combining the basic

colors - Red, green and Blue - in suitable proportions to get a
combination of colors, but it's principle is much more
sophisticated and stable.
• uses 3 different guns placed one by the side of the other to
form a triangle or a "Delta“
• Each pixel point on the screen is also made up of 3 types of
phosphors to produce red, blue and green colors.
• Just before the phosphor screen is a metal screen, called a
"shadow mask".

Shadow Masking
• Since three beams are to be focused, the role of the "Shadow

mask" becomes critical.
• If the focusing is not achieved properly, the results tend to
be poor. Also, since instead of one pixel point in a
monochrome CRT now each pixel is made up of 3 points (for
3 colors), the resolution of the CRT (no. of pixels) for a given
screen size reduces.
• while focusing them through the holes their intensities get
reduced, thus reducing the overall brightness of the picture.

Color CRT

Direct view Storage Tube

• Store image information as a charge distribution
• Two electron guns are used
– Primary gun
– The flood gun
Advantage: No refreshing required
Draw complex pictures with high resolution
Disadvantages: To eliminate some section entire picture need to erased.

Flat Panel Display
• A flat-panel display is a thin screen display found on

all portable computers and is the new standard
for desktop computers.
• Unlike (CRT) monitors, flat-panel displays use liquid-crystal
display (LCD) or light-emitting diode (LED) technology to
make them much lighter and thinner compared to a
traditional monitor.
• Less weight ,volume and power requirement as compared to
CRT’S

Flat Panel Display
• Flat-panel display technologies are sweeping through

markets all over the world
– Digital Signage, Home Theater
– Command and Control, Retail Displays
– Handheld Electronics (Cameras, PDAs, Phones)
• The Contenders
– Plasma Display Panels (PDPs)
– Thin-film Transistor Liquid Crystal Displays (TFT LCDs)
– Organic Light-emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
– Electroluminescent and Emissive Displays

Flat Panel Display
• The term flat–panel displays refers to a class of video

devices that have reduced volume, weight, and power
requirements compared to a CRT. A significant feature of flat-
panel displayed is that they are thinner than CRTs, and we can
hang them on walls or wear them on our wrists.

Displays
• Emissive display -- convert electrical energy into light

- Cathode ray tube (CRT)
- Flat panel CRT
- Plasma panels (gas-discharge display)
- Thin-film electroluminescent (EL) display
- Light-emitting diodes
• Non-Emissive display -- optical effect: convert sunlight or

light from other source into graphic patterns.
- Liquid-crystal device (LCD) – flat panel
- Passive-matrix LCD
- Active-matrix LCD

From CRT to LCD

• CRT
– Bulky, heavy, use vacuum tube
technology.
– Using technology that was
developed in the 19th century.
• LCD
– First LCD laptop monitors were very
small due to manufacturing costs.
– Light, sleek, energy-efficient, have
sharp picture.

How Monitors Work
• Most use a cathode-ray tube as

a display device.
• CRT: Glass tube that is narrow
at one end and opens to a flat
screen at the other end.
• Narrow end contains electron
guns.
– Single gun for monochrome and
three guns for color.
– Display screen is covered with tiny
phosphor dots that emit light when
struck by the electron gun.
LCD
• LCD stands for liquid crystal display. Your digital watch uses
an LCD to show you the time, and most portable computers
use an LCD to display the screen
• There is actually a liquid compound, liquid crystals,
sandwiched between two grids of electrodes.
• The electrodes can selectively turn on the different cells
or pixels in the grid to create the image you see.
• Very Common LCD applications:
• I. Calculators
• II.Watches
• III.Clocks
• IV.Telephones

LCD
• Parts of Liquid Crystal Display:

• LCD Panel is generally sandwiched between “Rear” and “Top”
polarizer’s.
• Polarizer main function is to improve the color and
obviously making it possible to see the screens of LCD’s. So if
we remove polarizer’s from LCD’s then undoubtedly it would
be impossible to identify the letters or graphics and
everything.
• Following Figure shows LCD Panel, its parts

LCD Working

LCD
• liquid Crystal Display module shown in above figure is made up

of “2 layers”. It contains a layer of “LC(Liquid Crystal) Material”.
LC material is one through which Light passes, supplied by the
Back light.
• And White light from the back light place 2nd from the bottom
in figure passes through the LCD panel which generally operates
passage of light to form the Images projected on to the Mail
Front of the LCD panel screen.

Advantages of LCDs
• Power Consumption and Radiation Emission
– Consume less energy and more durable
• A typical CRT losses approximately 50% of its brightness after
10,000 hours. An LCD bulb will maintain its brightness
anywhere from 25,000 to 50,000 hours.
• LCD consumes fewer watts than a CRT. LCD will use an
average 30 watts compared to 120 watts for the CRT.
• Can reduce electric bill by 40-85%.
• Uses a combination of fluorescent-based backlight, color
filters, transistors, and liquid crystal to create and illuminate
images. It blocks light rather emit light

Advantages of LCDs
• Viewing
– Cause less eyestrain
– Does not flicker or glare
– Less power consumption
(Source: Dailey News – June 2, 2002, TouchScreens.com,

unicomplabs.com, TheVisualLink.com)
Advantages of CRT
• Color
– Most are capable of displaying unlimited colors.
• Resolution
– Multiple video Resolutions.

Advantages of CRT
• Response Time
– Faster response time. Critical to people who watch
videos or play games on their PC’s.
– The fastest LCD’s offer a response time of about 25
milliseconds as apposed to CRT’s that have a response
time of about 13 milliseconds.

Advantages of CRT
• Viewing Angle
– Look @ a very wide angle
(Source:
University Institute of Engineering (UIE)PCWorld.com,
Disadvantages of LCDs
• Resolution
• Displays Native Resolutions (Resolution that it
displays best)
• Viewing Angle
• Smaller, needed to be viewed more directly from
the front.
• From the side the images on an LCD screen can
seem to disappear, or invert colors.
• Newer displays that are coming out have a wider
viewing angle so this is not as much of an issue as it
has been in the past.

• Price
– Upfront cost it is more costly but long-term cost but
will conserve energy in the long run.
– The energy savings may not be much for an individual
use, but for a corporate office where 50 displays or
more are in use, the energy savings might be more of
an issue.

• Installation
– Need a plug interface to connect to the computer.
– Some require a special digital plug-interface in order
to work .
– Problem: is that this plug is not available on most
computers, so another video card or adapter must be
purchased to plug these LCD monitors into the
computer.

• Response Time
– It is much slower. The delay can cause a ghosting
effect on images it displays.
(Source: TechRepublic.com, PCWorld.com,

UniversityTouchScreens.com)
Institute of Engineering (UIE)
REFERENCES
1. Hearn, D., Baker M. P. ,”Computer Graphics”, Pearson

education.
2. Newman, William M., Sproull, Robert F., “Principles of
Interactive Computer Graphics”, Tata McGraw Hill
Company, 2nd Edition.

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Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTEOF ENGINEERING

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

• Interactive Graphics display working

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

Interactive Graphics display working

• Video Display Devices

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

Cathode Ray Tube

The operation of CRT is very simple −

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

• In a raster scan system, the electron beam is swept across

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

Random Scan (Vector Scan)

• In this technique, the electron beam is directed only to the part of

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

To display a specified picture, the system cycles through the

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

• This was one the earlier CRTs to produce color displays.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

• Limited range of colors it produce

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

• This works, again, on the principle of combining the basic

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

• Since three beams are to be focused, the role of the "Shadow

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

Direct view Storage Tube

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

Flat Panel Display

• A flat-panel display is a thin screen display found on

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

Flat Panel Display

• Flat-panel display technologies are sweeping through

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

Flat Panel Display

• The term flat–panel displays refers to a class of video

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

• Emissive display -- convert electrical energy into light

• Non-Emissive display -- optical effect: convert sunlight or

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

From CRT to LCD

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

How Monitors Work

• Most use a cathode-ray tube as

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

• Parts of Liquid Crystal Display:

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

• liquid Crystal Display module shown in above figure is made up

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

(Source: Dailey News – June 2, 2002, TouchScreens.com,

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)