Thermal Energy &

Heat
 Temperature

 Temperature
 measure of the
average KE of
the particles in
a sample of
matter
Temperature Conversions

 oC to oF: oF = 9/5oC + 32
 oF to oC: oC = 5/9(oF – 32)
 oC to K: K = oC + 273
 K to oC: oC = K – 273
 Going from Celsius to
Fahrenheit
Convert 37 oC to oF.
oF = 9/5oC + 32

oF = 9/5(37oC) + 32

= 66.6 + 32
= 98.6oF
Going from Fahrenheit to
Celsius
Convert 68oF to oC
oC = 5/9(oF – 32)

oC = 5/9(68 – 32)

= 5/9(36)
= 20 oC
 Going from Celsius to
Kelvin
Convert 100oC to K
K = oC + 273
K = 100 + 273
= 373 K
 Going from Kelvin to
Celsius
Convert 310 K to oC
oC = K – 273

oC = 310 – 273

= 37oC
 Thermal Energy
 Thermal Energy
 the total energy of the particles in
a material
 KE - movement of particles
 PE - forces within or between
particles due to position
 depends on temperature, mass,
and type of substance
 Thermal Energy
 Which beaker of water has more
thermal energy?
 B - same temperature, more mass

80ºC 80ºC

A B
400 mL

200 mL
 Heat Transfer
 Heat
 thermal energy that flows from
a warmer material to a cooler
material
 Like work, heat is...
 measured in joules (J)
 a transfer of energy
 Heat Transfer
 Why does A feel hot and B feel cold?
 Heat flows from A to your hand = hot.
 Heat flows from your hand to B = cold.

80ºC 10ºC

A B
 Heat Transfer
 Heat is always
transferred from hot to
cold.
 Insulators slow the
transfer of heat due to
air pockets.
 Conductors easily
allow the transfer of
heat, like metals.
 Heat is transferred by
conduction,
convection, and
radiation.
 Conduction
 Heat is transferred
due to objects
touching each other
or through collisions.
 Occurs best in solids.
 Heat continues to be
transferred until both
objects reach the
same temperature,
called a thermal
equilibrium.
 Convection
 Transfer of heat
through a liquid or
gas through
moving currents,
called convection
currents.
 The cause of wind
and weather.
 Radiation
 Transfer of heat
through
electromagnetic
radiation (light from
stars or light bulbs).
 Transferred in all
directions.
 No contact required!
 Dark or dull objects
absorb more than
light or shiny objects
do.
 Heat Transfer

 Specific Heat (Cp) Specific Heat Values

 amount of energy (J/(kg·K))
Water 4184
required to raise
Alcohol 2450
the temp. of 1 kg Aluminum 920
of material by 1 Carbon (graphite) 710
degree Kelvin Sand 664
Iron 450
 units: J/(kg·K) Copper 380
or J/(g·°C) Silver 235
 Heat Transfer
Specific Heat Values
 Which sample will (J/(kg·K))
take longer to heat to Water 4184
100°C? Alcohol 2450
Aluminum 920
Carbon (graphite) 710
Sand 664
Iron 450
50 g Al 50 g Cu Copper 380
Silver 235

• Al - It has a higher specific heat.

• Al will also take longer to cool down.
 Heat Transfer

Q = m  T  Cp
Q: heat (J)
m: mass (kg)
T: change in temperature (K or °C)
Cp : specific heat (J/kg·K or J/g.oC)

– Q = heat loss
T = Tf - Ti + Q = heat gain
 Heat Transfer

 Calorimeter
 device used to
measure
changes in
thermal energy
 in an insulated
system, Coffee cup Calorimeter

heat gained = heat lost

 Heat Transfer
 A 32-g silver spoon cools from 60°C to 20°C.
How much heat is lost by the spoon?

GIVEN: WORK:
m = 32 g Q = m·T·Cp
Ti = 60°C m = 32 g = 0.032 kg
Tf = 20°C T = 20°C - 60°C = – 40°C
Q=? T = -40oC + 273 = 233 K
Cp = 235 J/kg·K Q = (0.032kg)(233 K)(235J/kg·K)
Q = -1752 J
 Heat Transfer
 How much heat is required to warm 230 g
of water from 12°C to 90°C?
GIVEN: WORK:
m = 230 g Q = m·T·Cp
Ti = 12°C m = 230 g
Tf = 90°C T = 90°C - 12°C = 78°C
Q=? Q = (230 g)(78oC)(4.184 J/g·oC)
Cp= 4.184 Q = 75,061 J
J/g·oC