POLLUTION FROM

ENERGY GENERATION

PRESENTED BY

Mayur Patil 171010987

Chetan Bendale 171010982

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 INDEX

1. Radioactive Wastes – Treatment and Disposal

2. Environmental Pollution Limits guidelines for
Thermal Power Plant pollution control
3. Environmental emissions from extraction,
conversion of Fossil Fuels

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RADIOACTIVE WASTES
• Contains Radioactive materials

Nuclear Power
Medicine
Generation

SOURCES

Non-destructive Minerals
testing Exploration
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RADIOACTIVE WASTES

Radiation Area Danger – Stay Away

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 CLASSIFICATION OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
WASTE VOLUME

7% 3%

Low Level Waste

Intermediate Level Waste
High Level Waste

90%

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 CLASSIFICATION OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
1. Low Level Waste :
• Contains very low concentration of radioactivity.
• Does not required shielding during handling and
transportation.
• 90% volume of Waste.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
2. Intermediate Level Waste :
• Higher radioactivity levels.
• Requires Shielding.
• Less or no provision for heat dissipation.
• Chemical Sludge, Resins, etc.
• 7% volume of Waste.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
3. High Level Waste :
• Very high radioactivity levels (95%).
• 12000 metric tons per year.
• 3% volume of Waste.

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RADIOACTIVE WASTES

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 TREATMENT OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTES

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 TREATMENT OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
 Ion exchange/sorption :
• Extensive applications to remove soluble radio
nuclides from liquid waste.
• Replacement of cations or anions between an
insoluble solid matrix containing ionizable polar
groups and a liquid solution.

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 TREATMENT OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
 Chemical precipitation :
• Removing radioactivity from low and intermediate
level aqueous wastes.
• Radionuclides can be removed by precipitation.
• Greatly versatile, relatively low investment and
operational costs.

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Chemical precipitation 13
 TREATMENT OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
 Evaporation :
• High, intermediate and low level waste effluents.
• Concentrating or removing salts, heavy metals.
• Use of commercially available evaporation equipment
and hence expensive.

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 TREATMENT OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
 Incineration :
• Reduction of solid and liquid radioactive waste
volume.
• Incineration combusts or oxidizes wastes at high
temperatures.
• End products of the complete incineration: CO2, H2O,
SO2, NO and HCl gases.
• Emission control equipments for particulates SO2,
NOx and products of incomplete oxidation are needed
to control emissions of regulated air pollutants.

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Incineration
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 TREATMENT OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
 Wet Oxidation :
• Injecting an oxidizing agent (ozone, hydrogen
peroxide, activated sodium persulfate) to destroy
organic compounds.
• End products : carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen,
minor concentrations of nontoxic ions, salts, and
acids.

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Wet Oxidation 18
 TREATMENT OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
 Compaction :
• To reduce the waste volume and concentrates the
radionuclides.
• Plastics, paper, absorbent material, and cloth are
compatible in conventional compactors (5 tons).
• Metal pipe, valves, conduit, wood, and other like
items are compatible in super compactors (1000
tons).

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Compaction 20
 DISPOSAL OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
 Near Surface Disposal :
• Engineered channels or vaults constructed on the ground
surface
• Up to few tens of meters below ground level.
• Contaminated equipment from the operation of nuclear power
plant like clothing, rags, tools, and equipment.
• Very short-lived low-level radioactive waste from hospitals,
universities and industry generally contains only small amounts
of radioactive materials with short half-lives. This means that
radioactivity decays away in hours or days.

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Near Surface Disposal
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 DISPOSAL OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTES

• Intermediate Level Radioactive Wastes can be

disposed in facilities of different types.
• Disposed in caves, vaults or silos at least few hundred
meters below the ground level.
• Require long-term management.
• These are much bulkier materials and first sealed in
steel drums and are encased in concrete trenches.

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Disposal of ILW 24
 DISPOSAL OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
 Geological Disposal :
• A deep geological repository is a nuclear waste
repository excavated deep within a stable geologic
environment.
• Most long-lived radioactive wastes are stored here.
• The volume of these HLW can be reduced by Nuclear
reprocessing. This reprocessing does not eliminate the
need for a repository, but reduces the volume.
• These repositories are at least a few hundred meters
below the ground level.
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Disposal of HLW 26
 DISPOSAL OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
 Deep Boreholes :
• Deep borehole disposal is the concept of
disposing high-level radioactive waste from
nuclear reactors in extremely deep boreholes
instead of in more traditional deep geological
repositories that are excavated like mines.
• Similar concept to geological repositories.
• Kilometers deep.
• Provide further insulation from ground water.
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Deep Boreholes
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 DISPOSAL OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
 Launch Into Space :
• Near infinite storage space.
• Completely removes waste from biosphere.
• High technical risks and problem of space vehicle
failure.
• High energy cost of space launch.
• The current cost to launch an object into orbit around
the earth is about $20,000 per kilogram.

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 Environmental
pollution limits for
thermal power plant

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 Indian Power Sector
Capacity, MW
185172.88
200000

180000

160000

140000

120000

100000

80000
42783.42
60000 38821.52
40000 24508.63
20000 5780
993.53
0

Hydro Coal Gas Diesel Nuclear Renewable

 Environmental Issues
Use of high ash content coal in power generation
leads to the following environmental problems:

Air Pollution
• Emission of particulate matter (dust)
• Emission of sulphur dioxide and Oxides of
Nitrogen
• Green House Gas Emissions
• Emission of Mercury (both gaseous and in ash)
• Fugitive emission of suspended particulate
matter from CHP, Wagon Tripler and ash pond
 Environmental Issues
Water Pollution
• Cooling water discharge
• Ash pond effluent

Solid Waste
• Large volume of coal ash generation (Flyash &
Bottom ash)
• Large land requirement for ash disposal

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 Selected countries emission
standards for coal fired power plants
Time
Country NOx,mg/Nm3 SO2,mg/Nm3 PM ,mg/Nm3
Period
existing new existing new existing new
Australia 800 200 80
China hourly 100 50 200/50 35 30/20 10
Germany daily 200 150 200 150 20 10
India Cont. 600/300 100 600/200 100 100/50 30
Indonesia 850 750 750 750 150 100
Japan 410 200 200 100 50

SA Cont. 1100 750 3500 500 100 50

Thailand 820 410 2002 515 180 80

USA daily 135 95.3 185 136 18.5 12.3
EU Cont. 200 150 200 150 20 20
 Present level of emission from
existing thermal power plants
Parameter Concentration
Particulate matter,
30 - 350
mg/Nm3
Sulphurdioxide
800 - 1200
( SO2), mg/Nm3
Oxide of Nitrogen
200 - 700
( NOx) (mg/Nm3)
Mercury (mg/Nm3 ) 0.005- 0.0185
> 4.00 M3/MWh
Water Consumption
70-100 M3/MWh (OTC)
*,M3/MWh
Few plants achieved zerodischarge
 New emission
Standards notified
on 07.12.2015
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 Emissions from
extraction &
conversion of fossil
fuels

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 Emissions From Extractions
• Impact the health and safety of surrounding
communities.
• Mudslides, landslides, and flashfloods may
become more common.
• Pollute local drinking water sources with toxic
chemicals like selenium, arsenic, manganese,
lead, iron, and hydrogen sulfide
• Huge volumes of excess rock and soil are
typically dumped into adjacent valleys and
streams, altering their ecosystems and
diverting the natural flow of streams. 39
Runoff of
metals in
stream
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 Emissions From Conversions

• Sulfur dioxide (SO2), which contributes to

acid rain and respiratory illnesses
• Nitrogen oxides (NOx), which contribute to
smog and respiratory illnesses
• Particulates, which contribute to smog, haze,
and respiratory illnesses and lung disease

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 Emissions From Conversions

• Carbon dioxide (CO2), which is the primary

greenhouse gas produced from burning fossil
fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas)
• Mercury and other heavy metals, which
have been linked to both neurological and
developmental damage in humans and other
animals
• Fly ash and bottom ash, which are residues
created when power plants burn coal
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