Mathematics Project

DATA HANDLING

Roll No. 8316

 Data Handling
Data Handling is the way to maintain data in a database system. That is, to collect data,
tabulate and presentation of data.

 Database
Organize data into table, which consist of columns and rows.
Each column contains a different type of attribute and each row corresponds to a single
record.
For example imagine that we are building a table that contained City, Max and Min
temperatures pertaining to the same city as shown in Table 1.
 Collection of Data
Consider Table 1 below. It is easy to find the highest maximum temperature recorded,
that was in Jammu on 20.06.2006
 Collection of Data
In the Table 1 above, it is not possible to get the City which had highest maximum
temperature during the year.
For Information about City which had highest maximum temperature we need to collect
data regarding temperature for the whole year.
Hence before collecting the data, we need to know what we would use the table for.

 Organize Data
It is necessary to organize data to make it easy to understand.
For example if we write marks obtained by students in English as 23, 35, 48, 30, 25, 46,
13, 27, 32, 38. it is difficult to make it who had done best and who needs help.
Organizing same data as in Table 2 below would make easy to understand and to interpret.

 Representative Values
Different forms of data need different forms of Representative or Central value like
Average, Arithmetic mean, Mode, Median etc., to describe it.
 Average
Average is a measure of the central tendency of the group of data.
Example: Isha spends on an average of about 5 hours daily for her studies.
Which means Isha usually studies for 5 hours. On some days she may study
for less hours and on other days she may study longer.
 Airthmetic Mean (A.M)
The Arithmetic mean (A.M) or simply mean is the most common representative value of a
group of data is defined as

Example: A cricketer scores 58, 76, 40, 35, 46, 45, 0, 100 runs in eight innings
Range = highest observation - lowest observation

Thus, the mean runs scored in an innings are 50 runs

 Range
Range is the difference between highest and lowest observation which gives us an idea of the spread of the
observations.
Range = Highest Observation – Lowest Observation
 Mode
Mode of a set of observations, is the observation that occurs most often.
Example: for a given set of numbers 1, 1, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 2, 4
By arranging the numbers with same values together we get
1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4
Now Mode of this data is 2, because it occurs more frequently than other observations.

In case of more number of observations or Large data, it is not easy to group the observations
of same values, hence we tabulate data using tally marks and then find the frequency.
Example: following are the margins of victory in the football matches of a league.
1, 3, 2, 5, 1, 4, 6, 2 ,5, 2, 2, 2, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 4, 2, 1
5, 3, 3, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2, 1, 2.

Let us tabulate this data using tally mark

Looking at the Table 3, we can quickly say 2 is the mode, since 2 as occurred highest
number of times. It is understood that most of the matches have been won with a victory
margin of 2 goals.
 Median
Median refers to the value which lies in the middle of the data (when arranged in an
increasing and decreasing order) with half of the observation above it and other half
below it.

Example: Consider the data 24, 36, 46, 17, 18, 25, 35
If we arrange the given data in ascending order, we get
17, 18, 24, 25, 35, 36, 46
Here Median is 25, since it is found as middle observation
Note that in general, we may not get the same value for Median and Mode. Mean, Mode
and Median are the numbers that are the representative values of a group of observations
or data. They lie between minimum and maximum values of data
 Use of Bar Graphs
Bar graph is a representation of numbers using bars. Data collected and stored in
Frequency Distribution Table can be put as a visual representation in the form of bar
graphs
By looking at the bar graphs it is easy to deduce the data

Width and lengths of the bars depend on the frequency and scale chosen.
Example: Table 4 contains data that gives total marks ( out of 600) obtained by
Students in their English Subject.
• Here the scale chosen is, 1 unit to represent 100 marks.
• Form the graph we can conclude
(i) There are 6 Students
(ii) Hari has obtained highest marks (because bar representing is the tallest)
(iii) Dipti has obtained least (because the bar is the shortest).
 Double Bar Graph
Double bar graph enables to compare the quantities of two observations
Example: A teacher likes to observe the effect of new technique implemented after
quarterly test. Hence she decides to compare score of quarterly and half yearly test of 5
children, as tabulated in Table 5
 Hence double bar graph would help in comparing the performance of students in
quarterly and half yearly test.
From the double bar graph it is observed that new technique has proved to better than the
old method, because in all the children performance bar half yearly is longer than
quarterly test performance bar.

 Chance and Probability

When a coin is tossed each time, the outcome of every toss can be either head or tail; it is
the matter of chance that in one particular toss you get either of these
We say that the probability of getting Head or Tail is equal. That is equal chances then
we say chances of getting Head or Tail is half (1/2) for each.
For a die having 6 faces, probability of getting either 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 is equal. That is
for a die there are 6 equally likely possible outcomes. Then we say each 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
has one-sixth (1/6) Probability.
Thank You All