A Dissertation On

PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE BASED

AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL OF AN
INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM UNDER DEREGULATED
ENVIRONMENT

Guided by: Submitted by:

Dr. Avdhesh Sharma Mahipal Choudhary
Professor & Head Roll No. 2264634
Enroll. No. 10/5901

Department of Electrical Engineering

M.B.M. Engineering College
J.N.V. University, Jodhpur (Raj.)

1
Contents:
1) Introduction
2) Literature survey
3) Background of Automatic Generation Control
4) Load Frequency Control of a Single Area System
5) General Aspects of Two Area Automatic Generation
Control
6) Automatic Generation Control of Two Equal Area
Reheat Thermal System Considering Tie Line Power
Non-Linearity
7) Simulation and PSO Based Optimization of an AGC
System After Deregulation
8) Conclusion
2
9) References
1) Introduction
Advantages of Interconnected Power System
 Decrease in the probability of black outs.
 Increasing power exchange among different system
 Use of old and peak load plants.
 Reduces plant reserve capacity.
 Increases diversity factor

Disadvantages of Interconnected Power System

 Load frequency control (LFC) is important to keep system frequency
and the inter area tie power as close as possible the scheduled values.

 Undesired frequency results in:

Operation and system reliability, damage equipment, degrade load
performance, transmission lines overloaded, interfere with system
protection schemes
3
 In LFC: frequency and tie-line power exchanges are two important variables.

 Frequency and power interchanges with neighboring control areas should be

maintain at the scheduled values.

 This can be done by measuring a control error signal, called the area control
error (ACE), which represents the real power imbalance between generation
and load, and is a linear combination of net interchange and frequency
deviations.

Different Types of Control Techniques

a) Classical Control Techniques

b) Proportional, Derivative, Integral Controlling Techniques
c) Particle Swarm Optimization Techniques

4
 Classical control approaches reveal that it will result in relatively large
overshoots and transient frequency deviation.

 Settling time of the system frequency deviation is comparatively long

and is of the order of 10 – 20 seconds

b). Proportional, Derivative, Integral Controlling Techniques:

P Controller:
 Decrease the steady state error of the system.
 We can use this controller only when our system is tolerable to a
constant steady state error.
 Causes oscillation if sufficiently aggressive in the presence of lags
and/or dead time.

PI Controller:
 Eliminate the steady state error resulting from P controller.
 Mostly used in areas where speed of the system is not an issue.
 P-I controller has no ability to eliminate the oscillations.
5
 Optimum control dynamics including zero steady state error, fast
response (short rise time), no oscillations and higher stability.
 Necessity of using a derivative gain component in addition to the PI
controller is to eliminate the overshoot and the oscillations occurring in
the output response of the system.
 Main advantages of the P-I-D controller is that it can be used with
higher order processes.

Particle Swarm Optimization Techniques:

 New evolutionary computation technique to solve LFC problem.

 PSO is initialized by a population of random solutions and potential

solution is assigned a randomized velocity.
 At each time step, the particle changes its velocity and moves toward its
position best and global best.

6
2) Literature Survey

This reviews and studies that have been done in the

area of:
 Load frequency control
 Automatic generation control(AGC)
 Modeling of power plant
 PI and PID controller
 Study of Deregulated Environment of Interconnected System
 Bilateral Contracts in Interconnected System
 Particle Swarm Optimization
7
 Contribution to the Literature:
S Name of Author Contribution
No.
1 Green R. K Transformed Automatic Generation Control

2 Vaibhav Donde Simulation and Optimization in an AGC

System After Deregulation

3 Masrur H and Ferdoush A Automatic Generation Control of Two Area Power

System with Optimized Gain Parameters

4 Hari L, Kothari M. L and Optimum Selection of Speed Regulation

Nanda J Parameters for Automatic Generation Control In
Discrete Mode Considering Generation Rate
Constraints

5 Sharma A and Kothari M. L Automatic Generation Control of a Two Area

Reheat Thermal System Considering Tie Power
Non-Linearity and Generation Rate Constraints
8
Continued………
Name of Author Contribution
7 Cheng J.W.M and Galiana F.D Studies of Bilateral Contracts with respect to
Steady State Security in a Deregulated
Environment

8 Mohinder Pal and Palvee To Control Load Frequency by using Integral

Controller

9 Nanda J and Kaul B. L Automatic Generation Control of an Interconnected

Power System

11 Ramakrishna K. S. S and Automatic Generation Control of Interconnected

Sharma P Power System with Diverse Sources of Power
Generation

12 Kennedy J and Eberhart R. C Particle Swarm Optimization

13 Bakken B. H and Grande O. S Automatic Generation Control in a Deregulated

Power System
9
Electric Power Regulation:
 Power systems consist of control areas representing a coherent group of
generators.
 In addition to their own generations and to eliminate mismatch between
generation and demand these control areas are interconnected through
tie-lines for providing contractual exchange of power under normal
operating conditions.
Load Frequency Control:
 Load frequency control is basic control mechanism in the power system
operation.
 The input mechanical power to the generators is used to control the
frequency of output electrical power and to maintain the power
exchange between the areas as scheduled.
10
Block Diagram for Load Frequency Control
11
 The regulation of power output of controllable generators within a prescribed
area in response to change in system frequency, tie-line loading, or a relation of
these to each other, so as to maintain the schedules system frequency and / or
the established interchange with other areas within predetermined limits.

 The two basic inter-area regulating responsibilities are as follows:-

1.When system frequency is on schedule:

Each area is expected automatically to adjust its generation to maintain its net
transfer with other areas on schedule, thereby absorbing its own load variations.

2. When system frequency is off-schedule:

One or more areas are not fulfilling their regulating responsibilities, other areas
are expected automatically to shift their respective net transfer schedules
proportionally to the system frequency deviation and in direction to assist the
deficient areas and hence restore system frequency.

12
 The speed and induced electro motive force (e.m.f) of ac motors may
vary because of the change of frequency of the power circuit.

 When operating at frequencies below 49.5 Hz; some types of steam

turbines, certain rotor states undergo excessive vibration.

 The change in frequency can cause mal operation of power converters

by producing harmonics.

 For power stations running in parallel it is necessary that frequency of

the network must remain constant for synchronization of generators.

 If the frequency is below the normal value, the flux in the core
increases. As a result, the magnetizing current even exceeds the normal
full load current. The sustained under frequency operation of the power
transformer results not only in low efficiency, but it may even damage
the transformer winding due to overheating.
13
ΔP = .Cosδ.Δδ

Or, ΔP є Δδ

Small power change mainly depends on Δδ i.e., on Δf.

 So a constant frequency depends on active power balance.

 To improve the stability of the power networks, it is necessary to
design LFC systems that control the power generation and active
power at tie lines of interconnected system.
 Load frequency control scheme has two main control loops. These
are
1. Primary control loops.
2. Secondary control loops.
14
 In the primary control action, only active power is balanced. However,
maintaining the frequency at scheduled value (e.g. 50 Hz) cannot be
provided. Therefore, steady state frequency error can occur forever and
control action is not enough for interconnected system.

Secondary Control:
 Secondary control is in large power systems which include two or more
areas of interconnected power system. Active power is controlled at the
tie line between neighboring areas of central and local load control
along with distribution center.

15
4).Load Frequency Control of a Single Area

System
Speed governing system:
It consists of the
following parts:
1) Speed governor:
 Flyball type
 Sense change in freq.
2) Linkage mechanism:
 Provide movement to
the control valve
3) Hydraulic amplifier:
4) Speed changer:
 Provide steady state
output setting
16
(a) Model of speed governing system:

 1   K g 
y E (s)  PC (s)  F (s) 
 R   1  Tg s 

 Kg 
GH   
 1  Tg s 
 

Where,
ΔyE = steam valve opening
R = speed regulation of governor
ΔPc = commanded reference power
ΔF = change in frequency
Kg = gain of speed governor
Tg = time constant of speed
governor
17
 (b) Turbine model:

 The model requires a relation between changes in power output of the

steam turbine to changes in its steam value opening.
 In a reheat turbine, a part of power is developed in the high pressure
cylinder and the remaining power is developed in intermediate and low
pressure cylinder.
 FHP + FIP + FLP = 1

Where,
Tt = time constant of turbine (generally 0.25
sec or so)
ΔPm = Output of turbine
ΔyE = Steam valve opening (Output of
governer)

18
 Linearized Model of a Reheat Turbine Controller

(c) Model of Generator with load:

19
(d) Complete Modeling of Single Area Conventional System
Using Integral Controller:

20
Modeling of two area thermal power plant
(a) Tie line model:

21
(b) Implementation of Area Control Error in Model :

22
 In two area system the control signals (for each area) are proportional to the
change in frequency as well as change in tie line power.
 The area control errors for a two area system are given by:
ACE1  P12  B1 f
ACE2  P21  B2 f

 The area control error ACEi of the ith area for m no. of tie line system is
m
A CEi   Pij  Bi f i
j 1

 The tie line power data of all the lines are sampled continuously at sampling
intervals of about 1 second or so. These data are added in an energy control
centre and compared with desired interchange (decided earlier by mutual
agreements).
 The total line power transfer error is added to frequency bias power transfer
to give the area control error.
 The ACE command is communicated to the speed changers of all the
generators in the area.
23
5). General Aspects of Two-Area
Automatic Generation Control
 The aim of the control is to regulate the frequency in both the areas and
also to regulate the power flow over the tie line as per the agreement
between the utilities of systems A and B.

The following assumptions are made in the analysis of the two area
system: -
1. The overall governing characteristic of the operating units in any area
can be represented by a linear curve of frequency versus generation.

2. The governors in both the areas start acting simultaneously to changes

in their respective areas.

3. Supplementary control devices act after the initial governor response is

over.

24
Types of Automatic Load Frequency Control For
Interconnected Power Systems:

1. Flat Frequency Control of Interconnected System:

25
(a) Load Increment in area B-no Controller
(b) Load Increment in area B and Frequency Controller in area B

26


Response between Frequency and Time for Bigger System

27
Response between Frequency and Time for Smaller System

28
Response between Tie Line Power and Time

29
2. Flat Tie Line and Flat Frequency Control:

Let the sequence of operation is:

Load change in A: Sequence of operation A, B, A,…
Load change in A: Sequence of operation B, A, B,…

30
 Response of Frequency Controller in Area A and Tie-Line
Controller in Area B for Two Interconnected Stations

t1-t2 – Governor response

t3-t4 – Frequency controller acts first

31
Response between Frequency and Time for Bigger System

32
Response between Frequency and Time for Smaller System

33
Response Between Tie Line Power and Time

34
 Load increment in area A-sequence of operation B-A-B for Two
Interconnected Stations
t1-t2 – Governor response
t3-t4 – Tie-line controller acts – frequency decreases w.r.t t2
t5 – Frequency Controller in A acts and restores frequency – Tie line
schedule become upset now.
Note – Stable operating conditions cannot be attained
35
Response between Frequency and Time for Bigger System

36
37
Response between Tie Line Power and Time

38
 3. Tie-Line Bias Control:
 Here the regulator does not act to hold a constant tie-line interchange regardless
of system frequency, but instead allows the tie line schedule to deviate from the
normal in adjustable proportion to frequency deviations from the normal rated
value.

39
Load increment in area B-sequence of operation A-B-A (controller in A
initiates first) for Two Interconnected Stations

t1-t2 – Governor response

t3-t4 – Flat frequency controller (A) acts
t5 – t6 Tie line Controller (B) acts to set Tie line deviation to zero.
t7-t8 – Flat frequency controller (A) acts
Note – Stable operating condition can be attained 40
Response between Frequency and Time for Bigger System

41
Response between Frequency and Time for Smaller System

42
Response between Tie Line Power and Time

43
4. Complete Tie-Line Bias Control:

With tie-line bias controllers located in both the areas the control action is
complete in all the cases.

44
Controller Action in A for Local Load Changes for Two Interconnected
Stations

45
Response between Frequency and Time for Bigger System

46
Effect of biasing:

Response between Frequency and Time for Smaller System

47
Response between Tie Line Power and Time

48
 6). AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL OF A TWO
EQUAL AREA REHEAT THERMAL SYSTEM
CONSIDERING TIE LINE POWER NONLINEARITY
ΔPD1(s)

+ +
Kp1/(1+sTp1)
+ + +
B1 1/R1 -
FHP FIP FLP
+r
+ - + 1/
-KT1/s 1/TG1 1/s 1/(1+sTr1) 1/(1+sTc1)
+ (1+sTt1)

-r
+ + +
- Pt(s) 2π/s
- - -
Ptie δ12

a12
+r
+ -
-K12/s + 1/TG2 1/s 1/(1+sTt2) 1/(1+sTr2) 1/(1+sTc2) a12
+ + -
-r
B2 1/R2
FHP FIP FLP
+ + -
+ +
Kp2/(1+sTp2)
+

ΔPD2
49
Response between Frequency and Time for Bigger System

50
Response between Frequency and Time for Smaller System

51
Response between Tie Line Power and Time

52
7). SIMULATION AND PSO BASED OPTIMIZATION
IN AN AGC SYSTEM AFTER DEREGULATION
 In a traditional power system structure, the generation, transmission and distribution is
owned by a single entity called vertically integrated utility.
 DISCO can contract individually with a GENCO through TRANSCOs for power and
these transactions are done under the supervision of the Independent System Operator
(ISO).

Two Area System (Traditional Scenario) 53

DISCO Participation Matrix

DPM shows the participation of a DISCO in a contract with a GENCO.

GENCOs sell power to various DISCOs at competitive prices, and the

DISCOs have the liberty to choose the GENCOs for contracts.

DISCO may or may not have contracts with GENCOs in their own area.

Concept of DISCO participation matrix (DPM) is introduced to visualize

the contracts easier.

DPM is a matrix with the no. of rows equal to the no. of GENCOs and the
no. of columns equal to the no. of DISCOs in the system.

The sum of all entries in a column in this matrix is unity

54
 DISCO1 DISCO2 GENCO3 GENCO4

GENCO1 GENCO2 DISCO4 DISCO4

Area I Tie-Line Area II

Schematic of a Two-Area System in Restructured Environment

 cpf 11 cpf 12 cpf 13 cpf 14 

The corresponding DPM will become: cpf 21 cpf 22 cpf 23 cpf 24
DPM   
cpf 31 cpf 32 cpf 33 cpf 34
 
cpf 41 cpf 42 cpf 43 cpf 44

cpf refers to “contract participation factor”

The block diagonals of DPM correspond to local demands.

Off diagonal blocks correspond to the demands of the DISCOs in one area
to the GENCOs in another area.

55
Suppose DISCO3 demands 0.1 pu MW power,

Out of which 0.025 pu MW is demanded from GENCO1,

0.03 pu MW from GENCO2,
0.035 pu MW from GENCO3
and 0.01 pu MW from GENCO4.

Then column 3 entries in DPM are easily defined as:

cpf13 = , cpf23 =

cpf33 = , cpf43 =

56
Block Diagram Formulation
ACE participation factors (apfs): Coefficients that distribute ACE to several
GENCOs.

As there are many GENCOs, ACE signal has to be distributed among them in
proportion to their participation in the AGC.

In the traditional AGC system, a DISCO asks/demands a particular GENCO or

GENCOs for load power.

Error signal is used to generate the respective ACE signals as in the traditional
scenario,
ACE1 = B1Δf1 + ΔPtie1-2, error
ACE2 = B2Δf2 + ΔPtie2-1, error
Where,
ΔPtie2-1, error = - (Pr1/Pr2)ΔPtie1-2, error

Pr1, Pr2 are the rated powers of areas I and II

ΔPtie1-2, error = ΔPtie1-2, actual - ΔPtie1-2, scheduled
B is the constant
Δf is the change in frequency 57
Two Area AGC System Block Diagram in Restructured Scenario
58
Particle Swarm Optimizer
 Based on the research of bird and fish flock movement behavior.
 PSO is faster as compared to other optimization methods.
 Particles represented in PSO algorithm are potential solutions fly through
problem space by following the current optimum particles swarm with a
velocity component that decides flying direction and distance.
 Each particle obtains the best solution determined by objective function through
iteration search.
 At each iterative, particles update themselves via two best values. One is
individual best value named ‘pbest’, which keeps track of its coordinates
associated with the best solution it has achieved so far in the problem space.
The other one is global best value called ‘gbest’ that can be found in the whole
population.

59
Flow Diagram Illustrating the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

60
The algorithm keeps track of three global variables:

Target value or condition.

Global best (gBest) value indicating which particle's data is currently

closest to the target.

Stopping value indicating when the algorithm should stop if the target
isn't found.

Each particle consists of:

Data representing a possible solution.

A velocity value indicating how much the data can be changed.

A personal best (pBest) value indicating the closest the particle's data has
ever come to the target.
61
Advantages:
 PSO is based on the intelligence. It can be applied into both scientific research
and engineering use.

The calculation in PSO is very simple. Compared with the other developing
calculations, it occupies the bigger optimization ability and it can be completed
easily.

 PSO adopts the real number code, and it is decided directly by the solution. The
number of the dimension is equal to the constant of the solution.

Disadvantages:
 The method easily suffers from the partial optimism, which causes the less exact
at the regulation of its speed and the direction.

 The method cannot work out the problems of scattering and optimization.

 The method cannot work out the problems of non-coordinate system, such as
the solution to the energy field and the moving rules of the particles in the
energy field. 62
Simulation Results of Two Area System Based on Conventional and
PSO in the Deregulated Environment

Case 1: Base Case:

 GENCOs in each area participate equally in AGC

 i.e. ACE participation factors are

apf1=0.5, apf2=1- apf1=0.5, apf3=0.5, apf4=1- apf3=0.5

 Assume that the load change occurs only in area 1.

 Thus the load is demanded only by DISCO1 and DISCO2. Let the value of this
load demand be 0.1 pu MW for each of them.

Desired generation of a GENCO in pu MW can be express in terms of cpf and the

total demand of DISCOs as:
PMi   cpfijPLj 0.5 0.5 0 0
j 0.5 0.5 0 0
DPM   
0 0 0 0
 
 0 0 0 0  63
Block Diagram of Two Area AGC System in Restructured Scenario Considering
PSO 64
Dynamic Response of Frequency Deviation in Area - 1

65
Dynamic Response of Frequency Deviation in Area – 2
 Dynamic Response of Power Deviation in Tie Line

66
Dynamic Response of Turbine Power Gen 1 in Area – 1 (MW)
Dynamic Response of Turbine Power Gen 2 in Area – 1 (MW)

67
Dynamic Response of Turbine Power Gen 3 in Area – 2 (MW)
 Dynamic Response of Turbine Power Gen 4 in Area – 2 (MW)
Case 2:
Now DISCOs contract with the GENCOs for power as per the following DPM,

0.5 0.25 0 0.3

0.2 0.25 0 0 
DPM  
 0 0.25 1 0.7
 
0.3 0.25 0 0 

Assume that the total load of each DISCO is changed by 0.1 pu and each GENCO
participates in AGC as defined by the following apfs:
apf1=0.75, apf2=1-apf1=0.25; apf3=0.5, apf4=1-apf3=0.5 68
Dynamic Response of Frequency Deviation in Area - 1

69
Dynamic Response of Frequency Deviation in Area - 2
 Dynamic Response of Power Deviation in Tie Line

70
Dynamic Response of Turbine Power Gen 1 in Area – 1 (MW)
Dynamic Response of Turbine Power Gen 2 in Area – 1 (MW)

71
Dynamic Response of Turbine Power Gen 3 in Area – 2 (MW)
 Dynamic Response of Turbine Power Gen 4 in Area – 2 (MW)

Case 3: Contract Violation

Consider case 2 again with a modification that DISCO1 demands 0.1 pu MW of excess
power.
The total load in area 1 (ΔPL1, LOC ) = Load of DISCO1+ load of DISCO2
= (0.1 + 0.1) + 0.1 pu MW = 0.3 pu MW
Similarly,
The total local load in area 2 (ΔPL2, LOC)
= Load of DISCO3 + load of DISCO4
72
= 0.2 pu MW (no uncontracted load)
Dynamic Response of Frequency Deviation in Area - 1

73
Dynamic Response of Frequency Deviation in Area - 2
 Dynamic Response of Power Deviation in Tie Line

74
Dynamic Response of Turbine Power Gen 1 in Area – 1 (MW)
Dynamic Response of Turbine Power Gen 2 in Area – 1 (MW)

75
Dynamic Response of Turbine Power Gen 3 in Area – 2 (MW)
Dynamic Response of Turbine Power Gen 4 in Area – 2 (MW)

76
7).Conclusions
 The subnormal frequency results in malfunctioning of ac motors, transformers and may
result in complete shutdown of plants.

 For large interconnected power systems, it is necessary to control frequency and tie line
power simultaneously for better operation of system.

 For a load frequency control of a single area system, secondary controllers are used. The
best controller used for this purpose is integral controller. The proper integral gain setting
can reduce the frequency deviation to zero.

 An individual flat frequency control or tie line control method is not able to operate the
interconnected power system satisfactorily, so it is necessary to match the speed governor
characteristic and the tie-line bias control characteristic for satisfactory control of an
interconnected power system.
77
 Continued…..

 Mismatch between actual and contracted demands will result in frequency deviation that
will drive AGC to re-dispatch GENCOs according to area control error participation
factors (apfs).

 For a two area system, the simulation and results of conventional based system is
compared with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques. The result shows that
the PSO based system requires less time to reach steady.

78
Future Scopes
The work done in the dissertation may be extended in the following directions:

 The parameters in this work have been taken constant throughout the whole
operation. But there may be parameter uncertainty due to wear and tear, temperature
variation, imperfection of component, aging effect, environment changes etc. So
during controller design the variation of parameter may be taken into consideration.

 The load frequency control (LFC) of power system can be designed by proportional
integral derivative (PID) controller via different optimization technique.

 Analysis of AGC considering more non linearities like load frequency constant etc.

 The particle swarm optimization may also be integrated with fuzzy system approach
to improve the results.
79
 8). References
 Vasu k, Chandar G. B, “Automatic Generation Control of Multi area Thermal Systems by Using
Fractional Order Controllers”, WCECS, October 19-21, 2016.

 Khakpour S, Mirabbasi D, “Performance Evolution of PIDD Controller for Automatic Generation

Control in Interconnected Thermal System with Reheat Turbine in Deregulated Environment”,
IEEE - KBEI, November 5- 6, 2015.

 Masrur H, Ferdoush A, “Automatic Generation Control of Two Area Power System with
Optimized Gain Parameters”, IEEE-ICEEICT, May 21-23, 2015.

 Morsali J and Zare K, “Appropriate GRC Modeling Method for Reheat Thermal Units to Obtain
Optimal Load Frequency Controller”, IPGC, June 10-11, 2014.

 Kumar A and Sirdeep S, “Automatic Generation Control Issues in Power System Operation after
Deregulation Review”, IJARCSSE, Vol. 4, Issue 5, pp 705-710, May 2014.

 Mohinder Pal and Palvee, “To Control Load Frequency by using Integral Controller”, IJIRSET”,
Vol. 3, Issue 5, pp 12502-12506, May 2014.

80
Continued…..

 Aziz A, Morin A, “Automatic Generation Control of Multi-generation Power System”, JPEE, pp

312-333, 2014.

 Naresh K and Jha A. N, “Effect of GRC on Load Frequency Control of Multi Area
Interconnected Thermal Systems”, JEEER, Vol. 5(3), pp 44-49, September 2013.

 Reena K and R. Avtar, “Automatic Generation Control of Multi Area Power System Using PID
Controller”, IJETT, Vol. 4, Issue 5, pp 1976-1980, May 2013.

 Subbaraj P and Manickavasagam K, “Automatic Generation Control of Multi Area Power System
with GRC using Computational Intelligence Techniques”, IJAPE, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp 27-38, April
2013.

 Rohilla V and Parmar P. S, “Optimization of AGC Parameters in the Restructured Power System
Environment using GA”, IJESET, Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp 30-40, Oct. 2012.

 Hasan N and Ibraheem, “Real Time Simulation of Automatic Generation Control for
Interconnected Power System”, IJEEI, Vol. 4, pp 40-51, March 2012.

81
 Continued….

 Ramakrishna K. S. S and Sharma P, “Automatic Generation Control of Interconnected Power

System with Diverse Sources of Power Generation”, IJEST, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp 51-65, 2010.

 Parmar K. P and Majhi S, “Automatic Generation Control of an Interconnected Hydrothermal

Power System”, IEEE, 2010.

 Lambert G and Esmin A. A. A, “Fitting Fuzzy Membership Functions using Hybrid Particle
Swarm Optimization”, IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, pp 2112-2119, July 16-
21, 2006.

 Tyagi B and Srivastava S. C, “A Decentralized Automatic Generation Control Scheme for

Competitive Electricity Markets”, IEEE transactions on power system, Vol. 21, NO. 1, pp 312-
320, February 2006.

 Gross G and Lee J. W, “Analysis of Load Frequency Control Performance Assessment Criteria”,
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems”, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp 520-525, August 2001.

 Donde V, Pai M. A and Hiskens IA, “Simulation and Optimization in an AGC System After
Deregulation”, IEEE transactions on Power Systems”, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp 481- 489, August 2001.
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 Continued….

 Bakken B. H and Grande O. S, “Automatic Generation Control in a Deregulated Power System”,

IEEE transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp 1401- 406, November 1998.

 Murthy P. S. R, “Power System Operation and Control”, McGraw Hill,1998.

 Sharma A and Kothari M. L, “Automatic Generation Control of a Two Area Reheat Thermal
System Considering Tie Power Non-Linearity and Generation Rate Constraints” pp 399-403,
NPSC, 1998.

 Cheng J.W.M and Galiana F.D, “Studies of Bilateral Contracts with respect to Steady State
Security in a Deregulated Environment”, IEEE transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp
1021-1025, August 1997.

 Christie R and Bose A , “ Load Frequency Control Issues in Power System Operations After
Deregulation”, IEEE transactions on Power Systems, Vol.11, No. 3, pp 1191 - 1200, August 1996.

 Kennedy J and Eberhart R. C, “Particle Swarm Optimization”, Proceeding of The 1995 IEEE
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