COURSE PLANNER

Subject: POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND

CONTROL [2180909]
B.E. – Forth Year
Branch /Class–Electrical 2013
Term: 16/2 (DEC-16 to APR-17)

Faculty: PROF. J. I. JARIWALA PROF. A. S. SHAH

PROF. T. M. PANCHAL PROF. J. P. PATEL

Contents:
1. Course Outcomes
2. Course Contents[Syllabus]
3. List of Reference Books
4. List of Open source software and learning websites
5. Active Learning Assignments and Tutorial.

Instructions for Assignment/Tutorial:

[1] This set of Assignment-Tutorial consist the collection of questions of past GTU Question
papers.
[2] Attend those questions which are bold marked and/or frequently asked in GTU exam.
[3] Students should make a separate Chapter wise Files [write on File Pages] to solve these
Questions.
[4] Students must solve these given set of Assignments by themselves only.
[5] Assessment of given assignment should be done regularly after completion of each
chapter by Students from the respective faculty members.
[1] Course Outcomes:
After learning the course the students should be able to:

1. Understand the techniques to control power flows, frequency and voltage.

2. Learn the Security Analysis, Contingency Analysis.
3. Understand the techniques to control reactive power, reactive power-
voltage coupling concept.
4. Explore the significance of power system restructuring.
5. Perform system state estimation and explore its importance.
6. Learn the power system security and its application as a system operator.
7. Carry out load forecasting using available methods.
[2] Course Contents [Syllabus]:
CHAPTER TOTAL %
SYLLABUS
NO. HRS. WEIGHTAGE
Automatic Generation and Voltage Control: Introduction; 08 15
Load Frequency Control (Single Area Case); Load Frequency
Control and Economic Despatch Control; Two-Area Load
1 Frequency Control; Optimal (Two-Area) Load Frequency
Control; Automatic Voltage Control; Load Frequency Control
with Generation Rate Constraints (GRCs); Speed Governor
Dead-Band and Its Effect on AGC; Digital LF Controllers;
Decentralized Control.
Power System Security:Introduction, System State 08 15
2 Classification, Security Analysis, Contingency
Analysis,Sensitivity Factors
Reactive Power and Voltage Control: Introduction; 12 20-25
Reactive power requirement of an uncompensated line;
Implication of surge impedance loading; Reactive loss
characteristics of transmission line; Operation of a
transmission line at no load condition; Operation of a
transmission line under heavy loading condition; Voltage
regulation of the transmission line and its relation with
reactive power; Maximum power transfer in an
uncompensated line; Line loadability.
Reactive power-voltage (Q-V) coupling concept;
3 Governing effects on reactive power flow; Relation between
voltage and reactive power at a node in a power system;
Reactive power requirement for control of voltage in long
lines;Operational aspects in reactive power and voltage
control; Basic principle of system voltage control; Reactive
power flow constraints and their implications in loss of
voltage; Effect of transformer tap changing in the post
disturbance period; Effect of generator excitation adjustment
in the post disturbance period; Practical aspects of reactive
power flow problems leading to voltage collapse in EHV
lines.
State Estimation: Introduction; Least Squares Estimation: 12 20-25
The Basic Solution; Static State Estimation of Power Systems;
Tracking State Estimation of Power Systems; Some
4 Computational Considerations; External System Equivalency;
Treatment of Bad Data; Network Observability and Pseudo-
Measurements; Application of Power System State
Estimation
Load Forecasting: 08 15
5 Introduction, Forecasting Methodology, Estimationof
Average and Trend Terms, Estimation of Periodic
 Components, Estimation of ys(k):Time series Approach, Long
Term Load Predictions Using Econometric Models,Reactive
Forecast.
Introduction to Power System Deregulation and 08 15
Restructuring:
Introduction; Motivation for Restructuring of power system;
Electricity market entities and model; Benefits of
Deregulation; Basic terminologies; Deregulation –
6 International scenario; Milestones of deregulation in the
world;
Indian power sector – Past and present status: Growth of
power sector in India – An overview, A time line of the Indian
power sector, Players in the Indian power sector, Research
and professional bodies.
[3] List of Reference Books:

1) Modern Power System Analysis – D. P. Kothari, I. J. Nagrath, TMH Publication

2) An introduction to Reactive Power Control and Voltage Stability in Power
Transmission Systems – A Chakrabarti, D P Kothari, A K Mukhopadhyay,
Abhinandan De, PHI
3) Operation of Restructured Power Systems – K. Bhattacharya, H. J. Bollen, J. E.
Daalder, Kluwer academic publishers
4) Electrical Power Systems – P. Venkatesh, B.V. Manikandan, S.C. Raja, A. Srinivasan, PHI
5) Power System Analysis – J. J. Grainger, W.D. Stevenson, Mc-GrawHill series publication
6) Power Generation Operation and Control – A. J. Wood, B. F. Woolenberg, John Wiley
and Sons
7) Power System Analysis – Hadi Saadat, Mc-GrawHill series publication
8) Advanced Power System Analysis and Dynamics – L. P. Singh, New Age International
[4] List of Open source software and learning websites:

1. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/108101040/ (PSOC webcourse)

2. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/108101040/
3. http://www.electrical-engineering-portal.com/
4. http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses.php
5. www.vlab.co.in
[5]Learning Assignments:
Chapter-1 Automatic Generation and Voltage Control: Introduction; Load Frequency Control
(Single Area Case); Load Frequency Control and Economic Despatch Control; Two-
Area Load Frequency Control; Optimal (Two-Area) Load Frequency Control;
Automatic Voltage Control; Load Frequency Control with Generation Rate
Constraints (GRCs); Speed Governor Dead-Band and Its Effect on AGC; Digital LF
Controllers; Decentralized Control.

ATTEMPT THREE QUESTIONS:

SR
QUESTION YEAR MARKS
NO.

1 Derive a mathematical model of turbine speed governing *** 07

system.
2 Explain tie-line load bias method of frequency control. *** 07
3 Explain methods used for voltage control in power systems. *** 07
Explain fully the flat frequency control method and
4 selectivefrequency control methods used for controlling *** 07
frequency insingle/ two area power system.
Describe the methods of voltage control adopted for large size
5 *** 07
power system in detail.
Briefly discuss the concept of “Control Area ” for Automatic Load
6 Freauency Control and hence explain two Area Load Frequency *** 07
Control.
Explain LFC with generation rate control (AGC). And what is ***
7 07
the effect of speed governor dead-band on AGC.
8 Short note: Digital LF controllers ***

EXAMPLES BASED ON AUTOMATIC GENERATION AND VOLTAGE CONTROL

SR
EXAMPLE YEAR MARKS
NO.
A 100 MVA, 50 Hz synchronous generator having inertia constant of
1 the machine as 5 kW-sec per kVA. The load suddenly increases by 50
*** 07
MW. Due to delay in governor action there is a delay of 0.6 seconds in
opening of steam valve. Find the frequency deviation.
Two generators rated 200 MW and 400 MW are operating in parallel. The
droop characteristics of their governors are 4% and 5% respectively from
2 noload to full load. Assuming that the generators are operating at 50 Hz at *** 07
no load, how a load of 600 MW would be shared between them? What
would bethe system frequency at this load?
Chapter-2 Power System Security: Introduction; System State Classification; Security Analysis;
Contingency Analysis.

ATTEMPT FIVE QUESTIONS:

SR
QUESTION YEAR MARKS
NO.
1 Introduce power system security by a short note on it. OCT-12 07
2 Discuss sensitivity factors used in security analysis. OCT-12 07
3 Explain what is power system security? MAY-12 07
Explain transition from an alert state to an emergency state of power
4 MAY-12 07
systems of operation using a suitable example.
5 Describe the various operating states of power systems MAY-12 07
6 What are major functions of system security? Explain them in brief. MAY-13 07
7 Explain power system operating states with neat diagram MAY-13 07
Explain in detail as related to power system security:
8 1. System monitoring SEP-13 07
2. Contingency Analysis
Explain system state classification with relevant figure clearly
SEP-13
9 indicating all security levels and transition between different 07
NOV-14
security levels..
Explain classification of System state and security analysis of power
10 MAY-14 07
System.
Explain contingency analysis and security factors of power
MAY-14
11 system. 07
MAY-16
Explain contingency analysis in detail and its importance.
What is power system security? Explain major three function of a
12 DEC-15 07
power system security and system state classification.
Explain operating states and nature of control action in a power
13 DEC-15 07
system?
MAY-15
14 Draw static security level diagram presented by stott et al. 07
OCT-16
15 Define and explain sensitivity factors. MAY-15 07
Define power system security and its four operating states with
16 suitable examplei) Optimal dispatch ii) Post contingency iii) OCT-16 07
Secure dispatch iv) Secure post contingency.
Explain generation outage and line outage contingency analysis of a
17 0CT-16 07
power system with a flow chart.
18 Discuss LODF and GSF used in power system security analysis. OCT-16 07
 Reactive Power and Voltage Control: Introduction; Reactive power requirement
of an uncompensated line; Implication of surge impedance loading; Reactive loss
characteristics of transmission line; Operation of a transmission line at no load
condition; Operation of a transmission line under heavy loading condition; Voltage
regulation of the transmission line and its relation with reactive power; Maximum
power transfer in an uncompensated line; Line loadability.
Chapter-3 Reactive power-voltage (Q-V) coupling concept; Governing effects on reactive
power flow; Relation between voltage and reactive power at a node in a power
system; Reactive power requirement for control of voltage in long
lines;Operational aspects in reactive power and voltage control; Basic principle of
system voltage control; Reactive power flow constraints and their implications in
loss of voltage; Effect of transformer tap changing in the post disturbance period;
Effect of generator excitation adjustment in the post disturbance period; Practical
aspects of reactive power flow problems leading to voltage collapse in EHV lines.

ATTEMPT SEVEN QUESTIONS:

SR
QUESTION YEAR MARKS
NO.
OCT-12
MAY-12
1 Derive the expression of critical voltage and critical angle at 07
MAY-13
receiving end at voltage stability limit.
DEC-15
MAY-16
For a 2-bus power system with a transmission line, derive expression
of voltage regulation. Draw corresponding phasor diagram and with
2 the help of the phasor diagram show that there is strong relationship OCT-12 07
between reactive power flowing through the line and the voltage drop
along the line.
OCT-12
3 What is voltage stability? Explain different type of voltage 07
MAY-12
stability.
OCT-16
4 What is voltage collapse? State main factors that contributes to the OCT-12 07
phenomena of voltage collapse
What is reactive power compensation? Explain reactive power
6 Compensation of redial transmission line for; (1). On no load and (2). MAY-12 07
Heavy loading condition.
MAY-12
7 What is voltage collapse? Explain the main factors that 07
SEP-13
contribute the phenomena of voltage collapse.
OCT-16
8 Discuss factors affecting voltage stability MAY-13 07
MAY-13
9 Discuss reactive compensation methods for heavily loaded and voltage 07
stressed power system to enhance voltage stability OCT-16

10 For a transmission line connected between two buses, derive the SEP-13 07
expression of voltage regulation and also establish from the phasor
 diagram and the equations that the Q and V have a strong coupling.
Enlist different types of reactive power compensation methods for SEP-13
11 heavily\ loaded and voltage stressed power systems. Explain static 07
DEC-15
VAR compensators in detail.
12 What are the compensating devices used for the improvement of voltage DEC-15 07
stability? How do they work?
13 Explain effect of On Load tap changer transformer on voltage stability. DEC-15 07

14 Explain uncompensated radial transmission line under heavy DEC-15 07

loading condition.
15 What are the disturbances which contribute to voltage collapse? Define DEC-15 07
voltage stability and explain how it differs from rotor angle stability.
16 Prove that the receiving end voltage is extremely sensitive to any change MAY-15 07
in power status at the receiving end bus.
With the help of analytical concept of voltage stability for a two bus
17 system, define critical receiving end voltage for an uncompensated MAY-15 07
lossless line transmission system operating at unity power factor.
18 Explain the operation of synchronous condenser in steady state DEC-15 07
using V-I characteristics. Provide its application.
19 Explain the V-P characteristics of static impedance load and dynamic MAY-15 07
impedance load for different tap position.
20 Describe different methods for Reactive power compensation for voltage MAY-16 07
stability enhancement.
21 Show that for a lossless transmission two-bus mode, Q-V quantities are MAY-16 07
closely coupled.
22 Discuss relation of voltage stability and rotor angle stability. MAY-16 07

23 Draw and explain voltage profile and current profile of an MAY-16 07

uncompensated radial transmission line at No-Load condition.
24 Derive the expression of critical voltage and critical angle at receiving OCT-16 07
end at voltage stability limit.

EXAMPLE BASED ON REACTIVE POWER AND VOLTAGE CONTROL

SR
EXAMPLE YEAR MARKS
NO.
For a three phase lossless transmission line has inductive reactance of
0.6ohm/km and capacitive admittance is 50 μs/km. If the system voltage
atthe sending end is 220 kv (L-L) and the line length is 100 km. Find
1 (1)Electrical line length of the line (2) surge impedance of line MAY-13 07
(3)receiving end voltage at no load with sending end voltage as
reference(4) sendingend current (5) reactive power at sending end and (5)
surge impedance loading .
A 100km, 400-KV lossless transmission line has system reactance of
2 0.25Ω/km per phase and source reactance of 25% of line reactance. Find MAY-16
07
voltage regulation when load side power factor is of 0.8 lagging. Assume
a power transfer over the line is of 800MW.
 AN INTRODUCTION TO STATE ESTIMATION OF POWER SYSTEMS:
Chapter-4 Introduction, Least Square Estimation: The Basic Solution, Static State Estimation
of Power systems, Tracking State Estimation of Power systems, Some
Computational Considerations, External System Equivalence, Treatment of Bad
Data, Application of Power System State Estimation.

ATTEMPT FOUR QUESTIONS:

SR
QUESTION YEAR MARKS
NO.
Describe Least Square Estimation (LSE) and Weighted LSE OCT-12
1 for estimation of x (vector of n random variables) using MAY-12 07
another vector y of variables m (>n). SEP-13
2 Describe power system operating states with the help of a neat 07
OCT-12
figure.
3 Explain various applications of state estimations in a power
MAY-12 07
systems
4 What do you mean by state estimation? Discuss External
MAY-13 07
System Equivalency.
5 Explain how state estimation used in power system. MAY-13 07
In relation to state estimation process, explain detection,
6 identification and suppression of bad data in the measurement SEP-13 07
vector.
Write a short note on application of power system state estimation.
7 OCT-12 04
Explain application of power system state estimation in load
MAY-16 07
dispatch centre.
03
8 OCT-12
Explain static and dynamic state estimation of power system. &
NOV-14
07
9 MAY-14
Explain Least Square Approximation method of state estimation. 07
NOV-14
10 Explain Tracking State Estimation for Power system. MAY-14 07
MAY-14
NOV-
Explain the Treatment of Bad Data of State Estimation of
11 14MAY-
Power system. 07
15 MAY-
Write a short note on treatment of bad data and its detection.
16 OCT-
16
12 Write short note on sensitivity factors used in security analysis. NOV-14 07
13 What is state estimation? Describe the injection algorithm for
DEC-15 07
static state estimation of power system
Estimate two values random variables x by weighted least square
14 estimate method for a given measurement vector ‘Y’, weighted DEC-15 07
matrix ‘W’, and coefficient matrix ‘H ’.
15 What are bad data measurements? How they are processed in state
DEC-15 07
estimation process.
Draw a schematic diagram showing the information flow between the
16 various function to be performed in an operations control center MAY-15 07
computer system.
17 Give the basic solution of least squares estimation. MAY-15 07
18 Explain Static State Estimation of Power system MAY-16 07
19 Justify the role of state estimator and explain its Online and Off line
OCT-16 07
application of state estimation
Chapter-5 Load Forecasting: Introduction; Forecasting Methodology; Estimation of
Average and Trend Terms; Estimation of Periodic Components; Estimation of
ys(k): Time Series Approach; Long-Term Load Predictions Using Econometric
Models; Reactive Load Forecasting.

ATTEMPT THREE QUESTIONS

SR
QUESTION YEAR MARKS
NO.
OCT-12
1 Introduce load forecasting by a short note on it. MAY-12 07
SEP-13
Explain load forecasting methodology and estimation of average and OCT-12 07
trend terms. MAY-12
2 Derive the expression for estimation of average and trend terms of SEP-13
deterministic part of load in load forecasting method DEC-15
OCT-16
Define load forecasting. Give classification based on lead time MAY-13 07
3
andforecasting methodology and explain them in brief
4 Discuss average and trend term estimation in load forecasting MAY-13 07
Describe Auto-Regressive Model and Auto- regressive Moving MAY-13 07
5
Average Model for load forecasting
What is load forecasting? Describe the methods of load forecasting in DEC-15 07
6 power system.
7 Explain role of load dispatch centre in power system. DEC-15 07
What is the role of load forecasting? How it reflects in current and future DEC-15 07
8
trends?
9 Explain auto regressive model for stochastic time series approach DEC-15 07

10 Explain long term load forecasting using economic models. MAY-16 07

State the objectives of short-term, medium-term and long term load MAY-16 07
11
forecasting
12 Explain regression analysis for the short-term load forecasting. MAY-16 07
Chapter-6 Introduction to Power System Deregulation and Restructuring:
Introduction; Motivation for Restructuring of power system; Electricity market
entities and model; Benefits of Deregulation; Basic terminologies; Deregulation
– International scenario; Milestones of deregulation in the world;
Indian power sector – Past and present status: Growth of power sector in India
– An overview, A time line of the Indian power sector, Players in the Indian
power sector, Research and professional bodies.

ATTEMPT THREE QUESTIONS:

SR
QUESTION YEAR MARKS
NO.
Write a short note on Indian scenario of power systems and OCT-12
1 07
Electricity Act, 2003. DEC-15
Describe structure of deregulated power systems in India. OCT-12
2 Explain the typical structure of a deregulated power MAY-12 07
system with necessary diagram. OCT-16
3 Describe structure of vertically integrated utility in brief MAY-12 07
Write a short note on Indian scenario of power industry
4 MAY-12 07
and electricity act 2003.
What do you mean by deregulated power system? Discuss its
5 MAY-13 07
advantagesand relative limitations to vertical integrated system
Explain function of different entities in deregulated power
6 MAY-13 07
system
Explain the structure of deregulated electric industry. How does
SEP-13
7 it differ fromvertically integrated electric industry?OR 07
MAY-15
Explain structure and entities in deregulated industries
Explain in detail the deregulation of power supply and it’s
8 NOV-14 07
advantage.
9 Write in detail about black out in power system. DEC-15 07
What are vertically integrated utilities? Explain in brief the DEC-15
10 factors which lead to change in a traditional power system. 07
MAY-16
11 Explain different power system operating states. MAY-16 07
12 Discuss present scenario of power system structures in India. MAY-16 07
13 Discuss the advantages of Deregulated electricity market in detail OCT-16 07