IT For Managers

Introducing
Computer Systems
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 Internet Usage and Population
Statistics : INDIA
YEAR Users Population % Pen. Usage Source
1998 1,400,000 1,094,870,677 0.1 % ITU
1999 2,800,000 1,094,870,677 0.3 % ITU
2000 5,500,000 1,094,870,677 0.5 % ITU
2001 7,000,000 1,094,870,677 0.7 % ITU
2002 16,500,000 1,094,870,677 1.6 % ITU
2003 22,500,000 1,094,870,677 2.1 % ITU
2004 39,200,000 1,094,870,677 3.6 % C.I. Almanac
2005 50,600,000 1,112,225,812 4.5 % C.I. Almanac
2006 40,000,000 1,112,225,812 3.6 % IAMAI
2007 42,000,000 1,129,667,528 3.7 % IWS
2009 81,000,000 1,156,897,766 7.0 % ITU
2010 100,000,000 1,173,108,018 8.5 % IWS
2012 137,000,000 1,205,073,612 11.4 % IAMAI
2015 375,000,000 1,251,695,584 30.0 % IAMAI
2016 462,124,989 1,266,883,598 36.5 % IAMAI 5
 TOP 20 COUNTRIES WITH
THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF INTERNET USERS

TOP 20 COUNTRIES WITH HIGHEST NUMBER OF

INTERNET USERS - MARCH 31, 2017
Population, Internet Users Internet Growth (*) Facebook
# Country or Region
2017 Est. 31 Mar 2017 Penetration 2000 - 2017 30 June 2016
1 China 1,388,232,693 731,434,547 52.7 % 3,150.8 % 1,800,000
2 India 1,342,512,706 462,124,989 34.4 % 9,142.5 % 157,000,000
3 United States 326,474,013 286,942,362 87.9 % 200.9 % 201,000,000
4 Brazil 211,243,220 139,111,185 65.9 % 2,682.2 % 111,000,000
5 Indonesia 263,510,146 132,700,000 50.4 % 6,535.0 % 88,000,000
6 Japan 126,045,211 118,453,595 94.0 % 151.6 % 26,000,000
7 Russia 143,375,006 104,553,691 72.9 % 3,272.7 % 12,000,000
8 Nigeria 191,835,936 93,591,174 48.8 % 46,695.6 % 16,000,000
9 Germany 80,636,124 71,727,551 89.0 % 198.9 % 31,000,000
10 Mexico 130,222,815 69,915,219 53.7 % 2,477.6 % 69,000,000
11 Bangladesh 164,827,718 66,965,000 40.6 % 66,865.0 % 21,000,000
12 United Kingdom 65,511,098 60,273,385 92.0 % 291.4 % 39,000,000
13 Iran 80,945,718 56,700,000 70.0 % 22,580.0 % 17,200,000
14 France 64,938,716 56,367,330 86.8 % 563.1 % 33,000,000
15 Philippines 103,796,832 54,000,000 52.0 % 2,600.0 % 54,000,000
16 Italy 59,797,978 51,836,798 86.7 % 292.7 % 30,000,000
17 Vietnam 95,414,640 49,741,762 52.1 % 24,770.9 % 40,000,000
18 Turkey 80,417,526 46,196,720 57.4 % 2,209.8 % 46,000,000
19 Korea, South 50,704,971 45,314,248 89.4 % 138.0 % 17,000,000
20 Thailand 68,297,547 41,000,000 60.0 % 1,682.6 % 41,000,000
TOP 20 Countries 5,038,740,614 2,738,949,556 54.4 % 914.7 % 1,051,000,000
Rest of the World 2,480,288,356 993,023,867 40.0 % 990.6 % 628,433,530
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Total World Users 7,519,028,970 3,731,973,423 49.6 % 933.8 % 1,679,433,530
 TOP 50 COUNTRIES WITH THE HIGHEST
INTERNET PENETRATION RATES - December 31, 2013
Penetration Country Internet Users Population Latest Data
# Country or Region
(% Population) Literacy Latest Data ( 2014 Est. ) Source
1 Falkland Islands 96.9 % 99.0 % 2,841 2,932 ITU - Dec/13
2 Iceland 96.5 % 99.0 % 306,402 317,351 ITU - Dec/13
3 Bermuda 95.3 % 98.0 % 66,557 69,839 ITU - Dec/13
4 Norway 95.0 % 100.0 % 4,892,976 5,147,792 ITU - Dec/13
5 Sweden 94.8 % 99.0 % 9,216,226 9,723,809 ITU - Dec/13
6 Denmark 94.6 % 99.0 % 5,270,018 5,569,077 ITU - Dec/13
7 Netherlands 94.0 % 99.0 % 15,857,959 16,877,351 ITU - Dec/13
8 Andorra 94.0 % 100.0 % 80,331 85,458 ITU - Dec/13
9 Curaçao 94.0 % 98.0 % 138,774 147,695 IWS - Dec/13
10 Liechtenstein 93.8 % 100.0 % 35,000 37,313 ITU - Dec/13
11 Luxembourg 93.8 % 100.0 % 488,286 520,672 ITU - Dec/13
12 Niue 92.4 % 95.0 % 1,100 1,190 ITU - Dec/13
13 Finland 91.5 % 100.0 % 4,821,478 5,268,799 ITU - Dec/13
14 Canada 90.9 % 99.0 % 31,661,870 34,834,841 IWS - Dec/13
15 Monaco 90.7 % 98.0 % 27,671 30,508 ITU - Dec/13
16 Greenland 90.1 % 100.0 % 52,000 57,728 IWS - Dec/13
17 Faroe Islands 90.0 % 99.0 % 44,952 49,947 ITU - Dec/13
18 Bahrain 90.0 % 94.6 % 1,182,680 1,314,089 ITU - Dec/13
19 United Kingdom 89.8 % 99.0 % 57,266,690 63,742,977 ITU - Dec/13
20 United Arab Emirates 88.0 % 77.9 % 8,101,280 9,206,000 ITU - Dec/13
21 Saint Lucia 87.5 % 98.0 % 142,900 163,362 IWS - Dec/13
22 Australia 86.9 % 96.0 % 19,554,832 22,507,617 IWS - Dec/13
23 Switzerland 86.7 % 99.0 % 6,989,334 8,061,516 ITU - Dec/13
24 New Zealand 86.6 % 99.0 % 3,810,144 4,401,916 WIP - Dec/13
25 Germany 86.2 % 99.0 % 69,779,160 80,996,685 IWS - Dec/13
26 Japan 86.2 % 99.0 % 109,626,672 127,103,388 ITU - Dec/13
27 Qatar 85.3 % 96.3 % 1,811,055 2,123,160 ITU - Dec/13
28 Korea (South) 84.8 % 97.9 % 41,571,196 49,039,986 ITU - Dec/13
29 United States 84.2 % 99.0 % 268,507,150 318,892,103 ITU - Dec/13
30 France 83.3 % 99.0 % 55,221,000 66,259,012 ITU - Dec/13
31 Belgium 82.2 % 99.0 % 8,586,240 10,449,361 ITU - Dec/13
32 Antigua and Barbuda 81.1 % 99.0 % 74,057 91,295 IWS - Dec/13
33 Austria 80.6 % 98.0 % 6,629,433 8,223,062 ITU - Dec/13
34 Taiwan 80.0 % 98.3 % 18,687,942 23,359,928 ITU - Dec/13
35 Estonia 80.0 % 99.8 % 1,006,337 1,257,921 IWS - Dec/13
36 Saint Kitts and Nevis 80.0 % 96.8 % 41,230 51,538 ITU - Dec/13
37 Slovak Republic 79.0 % 99.6 % 4,337,868 5,492,677 ITU - Dec/13
38 Aruba 78.9 % 96.8 % 87,313 110,663 ITU - Dec/13
39 Ireland 78.3 % 99.0 % 3,781,639 4,832,765 ITU - Dec/13
40 Kosovo 76.6 % 91.9 % 1,424,149 1,859,203 IWS - Dec/13
41 Kuwait 75.5 % 94.0 % 2,069,650 2,742,711 ITU - Dec/13
42 Brunei Darussulam 75.4 % 95.4 % 318,900 422,675 ITU - Dec/13
43 Latvia 75.2 % 99.8 % 1,628,854 2,165,165 ITU - Dec/13
44 Argentina 75.0 % 97.9 % 32,268,280 43,024,374 PEW - Dec/13
45 Barbados 75.0 % 99.7 % 217,260 289,680 ITU - Dec/13
46 Hong Kong 74.9 % 93.5 % 5,329,372 7,112,688 ITU - Dec/13
47 Spain 74.8 % 97.7 % 35,705,960 47,737,941 IWS - Dec/13
48 Czech Republic 74.1 % 99.0 % 7,876,002 10,627,448 ITU - Dec/13
49 Cayman Islands 74.1 % 98.9 % 40,691 54,914 ITU - Dec/13
50 Puerto Rico 73.9 % 94.1 % 2,675,843 3,620,897 ITU - Dec/13
TOP 50 in Penetration 84.4 % 98.5 % 849,312,713 1,006,078,087 7IWS - Dec/13
Rest of the World 31.6 % n/a 1,953,166,221 6,175,780,532 IWS - Dec/13
 The Computer Defined

• Electronic device

• Converts data into information

• Modern computers are digital

– Two digits combine to make data

• Older computers were analog

– A range of values made data
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 What is IT?

• IT is a collection of computer hardware, software,

databases, networking and telecommunication devices
that helps the organisation to manage the business
process more effectively and efficiently.

OR
• any technological device that helps the organisation in
managing its processes more effectively and efficiently
qualifies to be part of IT.
 Why invest in IT based
solution?
• Because the business is changing; competition is changing; and
technology is changing.

• Opening of Global Markets

• Business Process Outsourcing

• Knowledge Process Outsourcing

• Shift from Industrial Based Economy to Knowledge based Economy

• Shift in Organizational Structures

• Emergence of Digital Economy

 Why invest in IT based
solution?
• improve the efficiency and effectiveness of business
processes
• managerial decision making, and

• workgroup collaboration,

• strengthening their competitive positions in a rapidly

changing marketplace.
• expanding role in business.
 BPO Vs. KPO
• Business process outsourcing (BPO) :

contracting a specific business process or task, such as

payroll, to a third-party service provider.
• Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO)

Value-added process in which the achievement of

goals is largely dependent on the skills, knowledge
and experience of the people carrying them out.
 Digital Economy

• Economy based on Information Technologies

including computers, internet, intranets, and
extranets.

• Allows management of Digitally-enabled

relationships with Customers, Suppliers and
Employees.
 Data, Information &
Knowledge
• Data : collection of raw facts and figures

• Data is an element of a transaction

Exp: Any transaction facts collected about the lifestyle of credit card
customers, or point of sales or demographics and geographic.

Information: collection of data (facts & figures) arranged in more

meaningful manner, which helps in decision making.

Knowledge: experience and expertise acquired by an individual. It is level

of understanding in interpreting the information available for effective
decision making purpose.
 System

• System can be defined as group of entities

that work together to achieve a common
predefined goal.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

FEEDBACK
ENVIRONMENT

Organization Information System

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

FEEDBACK
System Boundary
 Information Processing
Cycle
• Steps followed to process data
–Input
–Processing
–Output
–Storage

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 Information System

Set of procedures that collects, process, store and

disseminate information to support decision making.

IS have a pre-defined boundary and operate in an

environment which includes other systems and also
players like:
– Customers/ suppliers

– government departments etc.

 Information Technology vs.
Information System.

• IT is a means to IS (similar to heart & soul) • Building IS solution without strong IT backbone
is not possible.
• IT provides effective and efficient means of
storing, processing and disseminating • IS provides best practices to manage business
information.
processes.

• To manage effective IT solutions, one needs to

• For designing and developing good IS solution,
have good understanding of computers, networks,
one needs to know the businesses processes
communication systems and other technological
better, the environment in which it operates
tools and techniques.
and good project management skills.

• To learn about IS, one needs to understand the

organisation, management and technology.
 Major Characteristics of
Information Systems

• Intrinsic- Accurate & error free information. Meet the obj of the system.
• Accessibility- Easy to access. While providing accessibility security must be
maintained.

• Contextual

• Representation

• Information system needs to be economical to develop and

maintain
• Information system needs to flexible and adaptable
 Steps for Information
Processing
• Identification- Identification of right information leads to right
decesion

• Collection
• Controlling- contol mechanism is important to ascertain the quality and
relevance of the informaton.

• Measuring -

• Decision Making
 Types of Information
Systems
• Transaction Processing System (TPS)- serves the operational,lower level management
• Management Information System (MIS)

• Office Automation System (OAS)

• Decision Support System (DSS)

• Executive Support System (ESS) and

• Expert Systems (ES)
 What is a Computer
System?
• A Computer is an electronic device that operates under the control
of a set of instructions that is stored in its memory unit.

• A computer accepts data from an input device and processes it into

useful information which it displays on its output device.

• A computer system is a collection of hardware and software

components that help in accomplish many different tasks.
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Generation of Computers
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 Classification of Computers

• Computers are available in different shapes,

sizes, processing capacities and weights
• With different shapes and sizes they perform
different types of jobs / functionalities.
– According to function
– According to purpose
– According to capabilities
 According to Function

Classification based on principle of operation

and hardware structure
– Digital Computer

– Analog Computer

– Hybrid Computer
 According to Purpose
• General Purpose
– is capable of carrying out some general data
processing under program control.

• Special Purpose
– designed to operate and solve restricted class of
problems.
 According to Capabilities

• Super-computer

• Mainframe-computer

• Mini-computer

• Micro-computer
 Computers For Individual
Use

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 Computers For Individual
Use

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Computers For Individual
Use
Computers For Individual
Use
Computers For
Organizations
 Computers For
Organizations

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 Computers For
Organizations

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 Computers In Society

• More impact than any other invention

– Changed work and leisure activities
– Used by all demographic groups
– Provide information to users
– Information is critical to our society
– Managing information is difficult
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 Computers In Society

• Computers at home
– Many homes have multiple computers
– Most American homes have Internet
– Computers are used for
• Business
• Entertainment
• Communication
• Education
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 Computers In Society

• Computers in education
– Computer literacy required at all levels

• Computers in small business

– Makes businesses more profitable
– Allows owners to manage

• Computers in industry
– Computers are used to design products
– Assembly lines are automated
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 Computers In Society

• Computers in government
– Necessary to track data for population
• Police officers, Tax calculation and collection

– Governments were the first computer users

• Computers in health care

– Revolutionized health care, New treatments possible

– Scheduling of patients has improved, Delivery of medicine is

safer
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Computer Architecture
 Components of a Computer System

• Central Processing Unit (CPU): The “brain” of the Computer –

this is where the actual computing is done. The CPU usually
controls all the operations of the computer.

• Memory: An electronic storage medium used to hold the

program which instructs the CPU and other components of the
computer.
• Input/Output Devices: These are the link between man and
machine. They depend on the processing requirements.
Input/ Output Interfaces: `middleman` between CPU & I/O
devices.

Provide the actual hard-wired control of the I/O devices,

as per commands issued by CPU

Programs (Software): Without program, computer is a dumb

machine that sits there and draws current

Program coordinates the operations of the computer in

order to perform some desired process. 44
 Essential Computer
Hardware
• Computers use the same basic hardware
• Hardware categorized into four types

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 Essential Computer
Hardware
• Processing devices (Brains of the computer)
– Carries out instructions from the program

– Manipulate the data

– Most computers have several processors

– Central Processing Unit (CPU)

– Secondary processors

– Processors made of silicon and copper

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 Central Processing Unit
(CPU)

Clock Micro-Processor ROM RAM Input Output (I/O)

Chip Storage Storage Interface

Control Bus

Addres s Bus

Data Bus
Components of a CPU
 Memory
• Random-access memory (RAM) is that part of primary storage where data and
program instructions are held temporarily while being manipulated or executed.
• Read-Only Memory (ROM), as the name implies, the contents of ROM can be read
only; data cannot be written into it. Contains Booting Program
• Permanent storage of programs
• Holds the computer boot directions
• Cache Memory: small-sized type of volatile computer memory that provides high-
speed data access to a processor and stores frequently used computer programs,
applications and data.
• Fastest memory in a computer, and is typically integrated onto the motherboard
and directly embedded in the processor or main random access memory (RAM).
 Parts of the Computer
System
• Computer systems have four parts
– Hardware
– Software
– Data
– User

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 Parts of the Computer

System

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 Essential Computer
Hardware
• Storage devices
– Hold data and programs permanently

– Different from RAM

– Magnetic storage
• Floppy and hard drive

• Uses a magnet to access data

– Optical storage
• CD and DVD drives

• Uses a laser to access data

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 Computer users

• Role depends on ability

– Setup the system

– Install software

– Mange files

– Maintain the system

• “Userless” computers
– Run with no user input

– Automated systems
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 Input Devices

Peripheral device through which data are entered and

transformed into machine-readable form.
 The Keyboard

• How keyboard works

– Keyboard controller detects a key press

– Controller sends a code to the CPU

• Code represents the key pressed

– Controller notifies the operating system

– Operating system responds

– Controller repeats the letter if held

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 The Mouse

• Allows users to select objects

– Pointer moved by the mouse

• Mechanical mouse
– Rubber ball determines direction and speed
– The ball often requires cleaning

• Optical mouse
– Light shown onto mouse pad
– Reflection determines speed and direction
– Requires little maintenance
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 The Mouse

• Interacting with a mouse

– Actions involve pointing to an object

– Clicking selects the object

– Clicking and holding drags the object

– Releasing an object is a drop

– Right clicking activates the shortcut menu

– Modern mice include a scroll wheel

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 Variants of the Mouse

• Trackballs
– Upside down mouse

– Hand rests on the ball

– User moves the ball

– Uses little desk space

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 Variants of the Mouse

• Track pads
– Stationary pointing device

– Small plastic rectangle

– Finger moves across the pad

– Pointer moves with the

pointer
– Popular on laptops
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 Variants of the Mouse

• Track point
– Little joystick on the
keyboard

– Move pointer by
moving the joystick

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 Techniques to avoid RSI

– Sit up straight

– Have a padded wrist support

– Keep your arms straight

– Take frequent breaks

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 Devices for the Hand-
Pen based input
• Pen used to write data

• Tablet PCs, PDA

• Pen used as a pointer

• Handwriting recognition

• On screen keyboard

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 Devices for the hand-
Touch screens
Sensors determine where finger
points

Sensors create an X,Y coordinate

Usually presents a menu to users

Found in cramped or dirty

environments

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 Devices for the hand- Game
controllers
• Enhances gaming experience

• Provide custom input to the game

• Modern controllers offer feedback

• Joystick

• Game pad

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 Optical Input Devices

• Allows the computer to see input

• Bar code readers

– Converts bar codes to numbers
• UPC code

– Computer find number in a database

– Works by reflecting light

• Amount of reflected light indicates number
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 Optical Input Devices

• Image scanners
– Converts printed media into electronic

– Reflects light off of the image

– Sensors read the intensity

– Filters determine color depths

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 Optical input devices

• Optical character recognition (OCR)

– Converts scanned text into editable text

– Each letter is scanned

– Letters are compared to known letters

– Best match is entered into document

– Rarely 100% accurate

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 Audiovisual Input Devices

• Microphones
– Used to record speech

– Speech recognition
• “Understands” human speech

• Allows dictation or control of computer

• Matches spoken sound to known phonemes

• Enters best match into document

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 Audiovisual Input Devices

• Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)

– Connects musical instruments to computer

– Digital recording or playback of music

– Musicians can produce professional results

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 Audiovisual Input Devices

• Digital cameras
– Captures images electronically

– No film is needed

– Image is stored as a JPG file

– Memory cards store the images

– Used in a variety of professions

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 Output Devices
Accepts data from a computer and transforms them into a
usable form

Allows the computer to communicate information to humans

or other machines
 Monitors
• Connects to the video card

• Categorized by color output

– Monochrome
• One color with black background

– Grayscale
• Varying degrees of gray

– Color
• Display 4 to 16 million colors

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 Monitors and Video Cards

• Monitors impacts user effectiveness

• Monitors should have

– Crisp text

– Clear graphics

– Adjustable controls

– Clear edges
 Monitors and Video Cards

• Size of monitor
– Measured in inches

– Measured diagonally

– Actual size
• Distance from corner to corner

– Viewable size
• Useable portion of the screen
 Monitors and Video Cards

• Resolution

– Number of pixels on the screen

– Higher number creates sharper images

– Higher number creates smaller images

 Monitors and Video Cards
• Refresh rate
– Number of time the screen is redrawn

– Modern equipment sets this automatically

– Improper settings can cause eyestrain

• Dot pitch
– Distance between the same color dots

– Ranges between .15 mm and .40 mm

– Smaller creates a finer picture

– Should be less than .22

 Monitors - Cathode Ray
Tube (CRT)
• Most common type of monitor

• Electrons fired from the back

• Electrons excite phosphor to glow

• Phosphor is arranged in dots called pixels

• Dot mask ensures proper pixel is lit

 Monitors CRT color

– Phosphor dots arranged in triads

– Red, green, and blue dots

– Three colors blend to make colors

– Varying the intensity creates new colors

• CRT drawbacks
– Very large
– Very heavy
– Use a lot of electricity
 Monitors - Liquid Crystal
Display (LCD)
– Commonly found on laptops

– Desktop versions exist

– Solve the problems of CRT

– Fluorescent lights provide illumination

• Drawbacks to LCD
– More expensive than CRT
– Must sit directly in front of screen
– Can be more fragile than CRT
 LCD “liquid crystal
display”
• Both LED and LCD TVs are liquid crystal displays.

• The basic technology is the same in that both television

types have two layers of polarized glass through which
the liquid crystals both block and pass light.
• So really, LED TVs are a subset of LCD TVs.

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 LED, “light emitting
diodes,”
• LCDs use fluorescent lights while LEDs use those light emitting
diodes.
• The fluorescent lights in an LCD TV are always behind the screen.

• On an LED TV, the light emitting diodes can be placed either behind
the screen or around its edges.
• LED TVs can be thinner than LCDs, although this is starting to
change.
• LED TVs run with greater energy efficiency and can provide a
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 Video Cards

• Device between the CPU and monitor

• Better cards result in better output

• Removes burden of drawing from CPU

• Have their own processor and RAM

• Modern cards have up to 512 MB RAM

• Capable of rendering 3D images

 Ergonomics and Monitors

• Eyestrain
– Fatigue of the eyes

– Steps to avoid
• Choose a good monitor

• Place the monitor 2 – 3 feet away

• Center of screen below eye level

• Avoid reflected light

 Ergonomics and Monitors

• Electronic magnetic fields (EMF)

– Generated by all electronic devices

– EMF may be detrimental to health

– Steps to avoid
• Keep the computer at arms length

• Take frequent breaks

• Use an LCD monitor

 Data Projectors

• Replaced overhead and slide projectors

• Project image onto wall or screen

• LCD projectors
– Most common type of projector

– Small LCD screen

– Very bright light

– Require a darkened room

 Data Projectors

• Digital Light Projectors

– A series of mirrors control the display

– May be used in a lighted room

 Sound Systems

• Sound card
– Device between the CPU and speakers

– Converts digital sounds to analog

– Can be connected to several devices

– Modern cards support Dolby Surround Sound

 Sound Systems

• Headphones and headsets

– Replacement for speakers and microphones

– Offer privacy

– Does not annoy other people

– Outside noise is not a factor

– Headsets have speakers and a microphone

 Buying Printers

• Determine what you need

• Determine what you can spend
• Initial cost
• Cost of operating
• Image quality
• Speed

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 Commonly Used Printers

• Impact printers
– Generate output by striking the paper

– Uses an inked ribbon

• Non-impact printers
– Use methods other than force

– Tend to be quiet and fast

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 Commonly Used Printers

• Dot matrix printers

– Impact printer

– Used to print to multi-sheet pages

– Print head strikes inked ribbon

– Speed measured in characters per second

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 Dot Matrix Print Head

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 Commonly Used Printers

• Ink-jet printers
– Non-impact printer

– Inexpensive home printer

– Color output common using CMYK

• Cyan, magenta, yellow, black

– Sprays ink onto paper

– Speed measured in pages per minute

– Quality expressed as dots per inch

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 Dots Per Inch

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 Printers- Laser printer
• Non-impact printer

• Produces high quality documents

• Color or black and white

• Print process
– Laser draws text on page

– Toner sticks to text

– Toner melted to page

• Speed measured in pages per minute

• Quality expressed as dots per inch

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 Commonly Used Printers

• All-in-one peripherals
– Scanner, copier, printer and fax

– Popular in home offices

– Prices are very reasonable

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 High-Quality Printers

• Photo printers
– Produces film quality pictures
– Prints very slow
– Prints a variety of sizes

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 Plotters

– Large high quality blueprints

– Older models draw with pens

– Operational costs are low

– Output is very slow

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Types of Storage
Devices
 Secondary Storage
• Non-volatile memory, supplements main memory by providing
data storage that is permanent and typically of much greater
capacity than main memory.

• Less expensive, compared to primary storage

• Used for storage of large amounts of data for permanent storage/

backups, or copies, of data and programs that are frequently
required at a later date

Magnetic Tapes / Magnetic Disks / Optical Disks

 Describing Storage
Devices
• Store data when computer is off

• Two processes
– Writing data

– Reading data

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 Describing Storage
Devices
• Storage terms
– Media is the material storing data

– Storage devices manage the media

– Magnetic devices use a magnet

– Optical devices use lasers

– Solid-state devices have physical switches

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 Magnetic Storage
Devices
• Most common form of storage

• Hard drives, floppy drives, tape

• All magnetic drives work the same

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 Magnetic Storage
Devices

Floppy Disk

Hard Disk

Tape

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 Magnetic Storage
Devices
• Data storage and retrieval
– Media is covered with iron oxide

– Read/write head is a magnet

– Magnet writes charges on the media

• Positive charge is a 1

• Negative charge is a 0

– Magnet reads charges

– Drive converts charges into binary

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 Magnetic Storage
Devices
• Data organization

– Disks must be formatted before use

– Format draws tracks on the disk

– Tracks is divided into sectors

• Amount of data a drive can read

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 Tracks and Sectors

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 Magnetic Storage Devices:
Finding data on disk

Each track and sector is labeled

• Some are reserved

–Listing of where files are stored

• File Allocation Table (FAT)

• FAT32

• NTFS

–Data is organized in clusters

• Size of data the OS handles

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 Magnetic Storage Devices
-Diskettes

• Also known as floppy disks

• Read with a disk drive

• Mylar disk

• Spin at 300 RPM

• Takes .2 second to find data

• 3 ½ floppy disk holds 1.44 MB

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 Magnetic Storage Devices-
Hard disks

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 Illustrated Hard Disk

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 Magnetic Storage Devices
Removable high capacity disks
– Speed of hard disk

– Portability of floppy disk

– Several variants have emerged

– High capacity floppy disk

• Stores up to 750 MB of data

– Hot swappable hard disks

• Provide GB of data

• Connect via USB

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 Magnetic Storage Devices:
Tape drives
– Best used for
• Infrequently accessed data

• Back-up solutions

– Slow sequential access

– Capacity exceeds 200 GB

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 Optical Storage Devices
CD-ROM

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 Optical Storage Devices:
DVD-ROM
– Digital Video Disk

– Use both sides of the disk

– Capacities can reach 18 GB

– DVD players can read CDs

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 Recordable Optical
Technologies
CD Recordable (CD-R)
– Create a data or audio CD

– Data cannot be changed

– Can continue adding until full

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 Recordable Optical
Technologies
CD Regrettable (CD-RW)
– Create a reusable CD

– Cannot be read in all CD players

– Can reuse about 100 times

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 Recordable Optical
Technologies
DVD Recordable
– Several different formats exist

– None are standardized

– Allows home users to create DVDs

– Cannot be read in all players

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 Recordable Optical
Technologies
DVD-RAM
– Allow reusing of DVD media

– Not standardized

– Cannot be read in all players

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 Solid State Devices

• Data is stored physically

• No magnets or laser

• Very fast

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 Solid State Devices

• Flash memory
– Found in cameras and USB drives

– Combination of RAM and ROM

– Long term updateable storage

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 Solid State Devices
Smart cards
– Credit cards with a chip

– Chip stores data

– Eventually may be used for cash

– Hotels use for electronic keys

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 Solid State Devices
Solid-state Disks
– Large amount of SDRAM

– Extremely fast

– Volatile storage

– Require battery backups

– Most have hard disks copying data

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 Softwares

• What is Software?

• What is the role of system software and Operating

system?
• What are the different types of Programming
Languages?
• What are the steps required to select software?

• What are Software Trends and Issues?

 Computer Software

• Set of instructions used to control hardware and accomplish

specific tasks are called software. Tells the computer what to do
• Software provides the logic that drives computer hardware.
Major Functions :
– manage the computer resources of the organisation;
– develop tools that human beings can utilize to take advantage of
these resources; and
– act as an intermediary between stored information and
organisations.
Type’s of Software
 System Software
• System software is a program that manages and supports
the computer resources and operations of a computer
system.
• Systems software consists of three kinds of programs as
explained below:
– System Management Programs

– System Support Programs

– System Development Programs

 Software Runs The Machine
System software
• Operating system (Windows XP etc.)

• Network operating system (OS) Windows Server 2003

etc.
• Utility
– Symantec AntiVirus

– Disk Defragmentor

– Disk Cleanup

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 Software Runs The Machine
Application software
• Accomplishes a specific task

• Most common type of software

– MS Word, Media Players, Tally etc.

• Covers most common uses of computers

• Applications software can be purchased in stores and is called

packaged or commercial software.

• Packaged software can be purchased, or in some cases, it is

available free of cost called Freeware

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Software Generations
 Application Software
• Any tool that helps in solving end-user problems.

• Spreadsheets, word processors, database programs, email as well

as custom and packaged programs for payroll, billing, inventory
and other accounting purposes.
 Operating Systems
• Set of programs that controls and supervises a computer
system’s hardware and provides service to application
software, programmers, and users of a computer system.

• Purpose is to manage the hardware resources efficiently

and to provide an interface between the hardware and an
application program and end user.
 OS
• An operating system helps in

– increasing the efficiency of a CPU,

– it decides which resources will be used,

– which programs will run, and

– how the programs will be translated into machine language.

• Major Goals of Operating System:

– To hide details of hardware by creating abstraction

– To allocate resources to processes (Manage resources)

– Provide a pleasant and effective user interface

Services Provided by
Operating System
OS Functions

135
Characteristics of a Good
Programming Language
 Programming Translators

• Programming Translators converts the human-

readable form of the program to executable
machine language.
Types of Information
Processing
 Building Computer
Program
• The formal creation

process of

programming is known

as the Programming

Development Life Cycle

(PDLC).
Program Building Tools
Software Trends & Issues
Industry Trends