Earthquake

Earthquake
⪢ These are the breaking and cracking
of the rocks inside the continental
plates.
⪢ a sudden and violent shaking of
the ground, sometimes causing
great destruction, as a result of
movements within the earth's
crust or volcanic action.
Focus
⪢ the point where the rocks start to
fracture. It is the origin of
the earthquake.
Epicenter
⪢ It is an point on the surface
directly above the focus.
Fault Scarp
⪢ Happens when fault intersects,
the ground may crack, can be
raised or lowered.
Fault
⪢ It is a crack in rocks that have
been off set.
Seismic waves
⪢ This waves shakes the people
living in a specific area.
Fault zone
⪢ A region, from metres to
kilometres in width, which is
bounded by major faults within
which subordinate faults may be
arranged variably or
systematically.
3 Types Of Fault
⪢ Active Fault- is a fault that is likely to become the
source of another earthquake sometime in the
future.
⪢ Inactive Faults- is a seismic structure that have
not seen or experienced any earthquake activity in
the past millions of years. Because of this
complexity, the Philippine Volcanology and
Seismology (PHILVOLCS) has yet to release any
list of all inactive faults in the Philippines.
⪢ Reactive faults- form when a former inaction fault
move to alleviate strain within the crust or upper
mantle.
Fault Styles
Dip Slip
⪢ Faulting occurs from normal to reverse
movement of rocks.
Strike Slip
⪢ Faulting occurs when rocks sliding past
to each other.
Normal Faulting
⪢ Occurs in high elevation regions. Ex.
Plateaus
Reverse Faulting
⪢ Occurs in mountain ranges bondering
the pacific ocean.
• Earthquake focal mechanism
symbols or seismic beach balls

⪢ This are symbols that identify

faulting geometry on maps.
⪢ Is a projection of the intersection
of a fault surface.
Stress &
Strain
⪢ Stress- Is defined as force per
unit area.
- It is a force that acts on a
surface.
 Friction- Is defined as a stress
that resist a motion.
 Strain- Is defined as the
measurement of the amount of
compression or elongation.
• Elastic Deformation

 Is defined as the amount of elongation

that is linearly proportional to applied
stress.
 The material returns to its original shape
after it is relived.
• Grove Karl Gilbert

 He first noted that there are regions that

regularly experience earthquake.
 Ex. He observed a fresh fault scarp after the
1872 Owens Valley (California)
• Harry Fielding Reid

 An American geophysicist. He proposed the

“Elastic Rebound Model”
• PHILVOCS

 Philippine Institute For Volcanology And

Seismograph.
• Magnitude

 Measures the energy released at the

source of the earthquake.
 Is determined by seismograph.
• Intensity

 Measures the strength of shaking

produced by the earthquake at a certain
location.
 Magnitude Intensity
 1.0 – 3.0 I
 3.0 – 3.9 II - III
 4.0 – 4.9 IV – V
 5.0 – 5.9 VI - VII
 6.0 – 6.9 VII - IX
 7.0 –and Higher VIII – Or Higher
• Seismograph
 Is a graph output by a seismograph it is
an indication that the ground is being
vibrated.
• Seismic Waves
 Are propagating vibration that carry
energy from the source of vibration and
is outward in all directions.
 It travels fast in order of (km)
 4 Types Of Seismic Waves
Compressional wave Transverse or S- Love waves Rayleigh Waves
or P-waves waves ⪢ Are transverse ⪢ Are the slowest
 P stands for ⪢ Secondary waves or waves that of an seismic
(Primary) waves are S-waves travel vibrate the waves types,
the first waves to ground (2 to 6 Rayleigh
slower than P-
arrive on a complete
waves. km/sec in the waves are
record of ground
⪢ It is also called horizontal dispersive
vibration & travel the
Shear waves. direction. (travel 1 to 5
fastest (1 to 14
km/s)
km/sec.)
 In a seismograph, the 1st wave
to arrive is the P-wave, then s
wave finally the Love and last
Rayleigh wave.
 The first S-waves : P-waves and
S-waves are called Body waves.
Because they propagate through
the body of earth.
 If the 2 waves travels along the
earth surface they are called
Surface Waves.
• How earthquakes
detected?

 Earthquakes are detected by

using a seismograph. Or
seismometer. (use to record the
movements of the ground and
detect seismic waves.
 Seismoscope- Is used for
detection of underground
movements.
• How does
earthquakes occur?

 An earthquake occurs as a result

of sudden release of energy in
the earth crust creating seismic
waves .
 High intensity earthquakes can
result in a massive destruction of
life and properties.