Professional Documents
Culture Documents
26 Adjustment of Trilateration
26 Adjustment of Trilateration
Introduction
• For a brief period of time, trilateration was a
highly effective method of establishing
horizontal control coordinates.
• This was after EDM technology matured but
before GPS
• Measuring distances-only avoided the more
labor-intensive task of angle measurement.
• This was a role-reversal, since previously,
angle measurement was the easier operation
Intro - Continued
• These trilateration surveys generally covered a
large area
• Correction for earth curvature needed to be
applied
• For some cases, state plane coordinate systems
were used as a coordinate base
• Often coordinates are large, so offsets may be
subtracted prior to adjustment and then added
after the adjustment
Distance Observation
F ( xi , yi , x j , y j ) F ( xi0 , yi0 , x j0 , y j0 )
F F F F
dxi dyi dx j dy j
xi 0 yi 0 x j 0 y j 0
Partial Derivatives
Distance Observation Equation
Example 13.2
Substitution for I and J in Equation
I J
A U
B U
C U
Note: In this example, the unknown station U is always in
the J station position of the prototype line.
Matrix Form
Initial Approximations
Approximations - Continued
Approximations - Continued
Set Up Matrices
Set Up Normal Equations
Solve and Update
Second Iteration
Form Matrices
Update