PRESENTED BY:

KAUSHIK PHUKAN
JYOTISHMAN DUTTA
PITAGORAS SOARES
PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
 INTRODUCTION
 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS
 FLOW PROCESS
 COMPONENTS
 FLOWLINES
INTRODUCTION
DRILLING FLUID
 Drilling fluid which is also often called drilling mud
can be defined as being a heavy viscous fluid mixture
that is used in Oil and Gas drilling operations to carry
rock cuttings to the surface and also to lubricate & cool
the drill bit.
 Drilling muds are traditionally based on water, either
fresh water, seawater, naturally occurring brines, or
prepared brines. Many muds are oil-based, using
direct products of petroleum refining such as diesel oil
or mineral oil as the fluid matrix.
Why do we need drilling fluids?
 The drilling fluid plays several functions in the
drilling process.
 The main functions are as follows:
 Transport cuttings to surface
 Prevent well-control issues
 Preserve wellbore stability
 Minimize formation damage
 Cool and lubricate the drillstring
 Provide information about the wellbore
FLOW PROCESS
Let us consider the following schematic
diagram
 MUD CIRCULATION SYSTEM
 The drilling mud travels from the steel tank to the
mud pumps
 From the mud through the high-pressure surface
connections to the drillstring
 Through the drillstring to the bit, through the nozzles
of the bit and up the annular space between the
drillstring and hole to the surface
 And through the contaminant removal equipment
back to suction tank.
MUD CIRCULATION
COMPONENTS
The principal components of the mud circulation
system includes
(1) Mud pumps,
(2) Mud pits,
(3) Mud mixing equipment, and
(4) Contaminant removal equipment.
1. MUD PUMPS
 With the exception of several experimental
types, mud pumps always have used
reciprocating positive-displacement pistons.
Both two cylinder (duplex) and three cylinder
(triplex) pumps are common.
 The duplex pumps generally are double acting
pumps that pump on both forward and
backward piston strokes.
MUD PUMPS(cont.)
 The triplex pumps generally are single
acting pumps that pump only on forward
piston strokes.
 The triplex pumps are lighter and more
compact than duplex pumps, they are
output pressure pulsations are not as great
and they are cheaper to operate.
DOUBLE ACTING (DUPLEX)
When the piston rod is
moved forward, one of
intake valves is lift to allow
fluid to come in and one of
the discharge valve is pushed
up therefore the drilling mud
is pumped out of the pump.
When the piston rod is moved backward
drilling fluid is still pumped. The other intake
and discharge valve will be opened.
SINGLE ACTING (TRIPLEX)
When the piston rods are
moved forward, the
intake valves are in
close position and the
discharge valves are in
open position allowing
fluid to discharge.
When the piston rods are moved backward, the intake
valve are opened allowing drilling fluid coming into the
pump.
MUD PUMP MANIFOLD
 The arrangement of lines and valves used to
direct and control fluid on a pumping unit.
 They are of two types:
 Suction or Low Pressure Manifold
 Discharge or High Pressure Manifold
Suction or Low Pressure Manifold
 The hydraulic horsepower produced by mud
pumps depends mainly on the geometric and
mechanical arrangement of the suction piping.
 A poorly designed suction entrance to the
pump can produce friction equivalent to 30 ft
of pipe.
 When a desirable suction condition cannot be
attained, a charging pump becomes necessary.
SUCTION MANIFOLD
DISCHARGE OR HIGH
PRESSURE MANIFOLD
 A poorly designed discharge manifold can
cause shock waves and excessive pressure
peaks.
 This manifold should be as short and direct as
possible, avoiding any sharps turns.
DISCHARGE OR HIGH
PRESSURE MANIFOLD
MUD PUMP PRESSURE GAUGE
 Mud Pump Pressure is extremely important to
the drilling process.
 The Mud Pump Pressure Gauge enables the
driller to monitor the pressure while drilling.
 Any unusual change in pressure will alert the
driller of down hole problems.
MUD PUMP PRESSURE GAUGE
 2. MUD PITS/MUD STORAGE
TANKS
 The mud pit is usually a series of large steel
tanks, all interconnected and fitted with mud
agitators to maintain solids in suspension .
 Some pits are used for circulating (i.e. suction
pit) and others for mixing and storing fresh
mud.
 Most modern rigs have equipment for storing
and mixing bulk additives (i.e. barite) as well
as chemicals (both granular and liquid).
 3. MUD MIXING
 Dry mud additives often are stored in sacks,
which are added manually to the suction pit
using a mud mixing hopper.
 The mud mixing hopper, also called a jet
mixing hopper, in which materials are put into
the circulating mud system.
MUD MIXING HOPPER
 Why do we add additives?
 To control formation pressures and to help
combat the effects of sloughing that may be
encountered in stressed areas .
 To enable the drilling mud to suspend drill
cuttings and weighting materials.
 To reduce the amount of drilling fluid lost into
the subsurface formation.
 To reduce friction between the wellbore and
the drillstring.
 4. CONTAMINANT REMOVAL
EQUIPEMENT
 After the drilling mud is circulated past the
Bottom Hole Assembly its main function is to
bring newly cut rock up the annular space
between the drill string and well-bore to
surface.
 These equipments deals with fluid that is
returning to the rig through the return line, and
is contaminated and needs to be cleaned with
specific equipment.
 COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN
CONTAMINANT REMOVAL
 Shale Shaker
 Desander
 Desilter
 Degasser
 SHALE SHAKER
 It is the primary and most important device on
the rig for removing drilled solids from
the mud.
 A wire-cloth screen vibrates while the drilling
fluid flows on top of it.
 The liquid phase of the mud and solids smaller
than the wire mesh pass through the screen,
while larger solids are retained on the screen
and eventually fall off the back of the device
and are discarded.
SHALE SHAKER
 DESANDER
 The desander is a hydrocyclone device that
removes large drill solids from the whole mud
system.
 The desander should be located downstream of
the shale shakers and degassers, but before the
desilters or mud cleaners.
 As the mud flows around and gradually down
the inside of the cone shape, solids are
separated from the liquid by centrifugal forces.
DESANDER
 PRINCIPLE USED FOR
DESANDER AND DESILTER
 A hydrocyclone is a cone
shaped housing that imparts
a whirling fluid motion
much like a tornado. The
heavier solids in the mud are
thrown to the housing of the
hydrocyclone and fall
through the apex at the
bottom. Most of the liquid
and lighter particles exit
through the vortex finder at
the top.
 DESILTER
 The desilter is much like the desander except
that its design incorporates a greater number of
smaller cones.
 The smaller cones allow the desilter to
efficiently remove smaller diameter drill solids
than a desander does.
DESILTER
 DEGASSER

 The degasser is a device that removes air or

gases (methane, H2S, CO2 and others) from
drilling liquids.
 There are two generic types that work by both
expanding the size of the gas bubbles entrained
in the mud (by pulling a vacuum on the mud)
and by increasing the surface area available to
the mud so that bubbles escape (through the
use of various cascading baffle plates).
DEGASSER
FLOWLINES
 FLOWLINE
 A flow line, used on a drilling rig, is a large
diameter pipe that is connected to the bell
nipple and extends to the possum belly and acts
as a return line, to the mud tanks.
 The Bell nipple is a section of large diameter
pipe fitted to the top of the blowout preventers
that the flow line attaches to via a side outlet,
to allow the drilling fluid to flow back over the
shale shakers to the mud tanks.
 COMPONENTS OF FLOWLINE
 Flow Show
The flow show shows whether drilling fluid is
flowing down the flow line or not and any changes
in that flow.
 Possum Belly
The possum belly is used to slow the flow of
returning drilling fluid before it hits the shale
shakers.
 COMPONENTS OF
FLOWLINE(cont.)
 Sample Box
This is a heavy duty rubber hose that is inserted
at the end of the flow line and at the other end
emplaced into the sample box itself. The
sample box is used to capture samples of drill
cuttings for geological logging.
THANK YOU!