Capstone 2

TRANSPORTATION
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement:
• are plain cement concrete pavements
constructed with closely spaced contraction
joints. Dowel bars or aggregate interlocks are
normally used for load transfer across joints.
They normally has a joint spacing of 5 to 10m.
• Failure criteria of rigid pavements
• Traditionally fatigue cracking has been considered as the
major, or only criterion for rigid pavement design.

• The allowable number of load repetitions to cause fatigue

cracking depends on the stress ratio between flexural
tensile stress and concrete modulus of rupture.

• Of late, pumping is identified as an important failure

criterion. Pumping is the ejection of soil slurry through the
joints and cracks of cement concrete pavement, caused
during the downward movement of slab under the heavy
wheel loads.

• Other major types of distress in rigid pavements include

faulting, spalling, and deterioration.
Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement:
• Although reinforcements do not improve the
structural capacity significantly, they can
drastically increase the joint spacing to 10 to
30m. Dowel bars are required for load
transfer. Reinforcements help to keep the slab
together even after cracks.
Continuous Reinforced Concrete Pavement:
• Complete elimination of joints are achieved by
reinforcement.
STATIONS ELEVATIONS (meters)

STA 0+000 24 m

STA 0+100 25 m

STA 0+200 40 m

STA 0+300 49 m

STA 0+400 59 m

STA 0+500 47 m

STA 0+600 51 m

STA 0+700 81 m

STA 0+800 80 m

STA 0+900 71 m

STA 1+000 62 m

STA 1+100 75 m
STA 1+200 77 m
STA 1+300 79 m
STA 1+400 78 m
STA 1+500 74 m
STA 1+600 86 m
STA 1+700 90 m
STA 1+800 90 m
STA 1+900 100 m
STA 2+000 96 m
STA 2+100 105 m
STA 2+200 89 m
STA 2+300 84 m
STA 2+400 73 m
STA 2+500 56 m
STA 2+600 50 m
STA 2+700 56 m
STA 2+800 45 m
STA 2+900 26 m
STA 3+000 15 m
 ELEVATIONS

40
60
80

20

0
100
120

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
Soil Profile

1600
1700

STATIONS ( per 100 m)

1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3.1.1.3 Risk Assessment (Factor of Safety) TRANSPORTATIONS

Risk assessment refers to the process of identifying the potential hazards which may occur
to the specific structure. In terms of road improvement which is pavement design, there
possibility of any accidents and hazard that may occur or the project might fail.

Several road accidents might possibly occur and the designer does not want that to happen,
thus safety measures and safety standards are being considered. And this would cover the
30 % of the total cost.

Therefore, the best trade-off for this constraint will have the least probability of failure
because it is considered as the safest.

The measurable parameter for this constraint is in terms of percentage which will be get
from the previous studies conducted with the trade-offs of the designers are used as a
subject..
3.1.1.3 Risk Assessment (Safety)
Risk assessment refers to the process of identifying the potential hazards which may
occur to the specific structure. In terms of slope protection system, there possibility of any
accidents and hazard that may occur during or after the construction or worst the project
might fail.

It may fail due to the use of sub standards materials and due to sliding, overturning or
depending upon to the stress the slope protection experienced. For transportation
Engineering the risk assessment will be consider according to its maintenance cost per
year, and for structural the factor of safety according to sliding and overturning are going
to be consider.

Therefore, the best trade-off for this constraint will have the least probability of failure
because it is considered as the safest. The measurable parameter for this constraint is in
terms of percentage which will be get from the previous studies conducted with the trade-
offs of the designers are used as a subject.
3.4.1 Transportation Engineering
The table below shows the initial cost estimate of the tradeoffs with their corresponding constraints. The designers
considered the Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement. Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement, and Continuous
Reinforced Concrete.

Table 3.8 Initial Cost Estimates based on DPWH (Cost per Kilometer)
(Source: 2017 DPWH Atlas Cost Estimates for Work Item of Projects)
CONSTRAINTS TRADE-OFFS
Jointed Plain Jointed Reinforced Continuous Reinforced
Concrete Pavement Concrete Pavement Concrete

Economical Constraint Php 19,883,300.00 Php 21,283,300.00 Php 22,746,600.00

(Cost of Construction)

Constructability Constraint (Duration of Construction) Php 5,019,580.00 Php 5,819,580.00 Php 6,119,580.00

Sustainability Constraint (Structure’s Resilience )

Average Amount including Preventive Maintenance, Php 20,912,830.00 Php 18,173,820.00 Php 13,593,610.00
Reconstruction or Rehabilitation

Risk Assessment ( Factor of Safety ) Php 694,457.00 Php 1,504,658.00 Php 2,199,155.87
PLANS
Figure 2.17 Road Plan of Rigid Pavement
(Source: Designers AutoCAD Plans)
Figure 2.18 Typical Roadway Details
(Source: Designers AutoCAD Plans)