.

CALCUTTA
l EG 9 ' 0 DUMDUM AIRPORT
e ICl1IO RI.>'.,
1u a RO
e WElllO RL.Y
Of'PA1lOW DUM DUM
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°"'IS" SALTLAKe
WES 6K

PAIA'l' A
M..Cl.. CITY
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JAJIHDAS ARK And Swamplands
P
KAUOHI\T •,. Cc!... -
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TOLLYGU- JAU&VPUA
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 '
Comparison of Calcutta w it h other major cit i es of the r-i ; ·
11 1
11

world
1 1
Populatio n Grow th

18$1!
191..000
-- vs.
t , N 01olocl. ° ""'l'«> Mlll<I
WHITE CITY
aweu.m An(llo-lncho
LOCAllCltt b CC*\ & 17 ' CIIIOCr.ffllnla
HOUSE em
l Y PCI.
OY I.QO't. . . _ 1 denae • ndH oom
PUklc4 OI
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p e cT1'PE.
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-
fam ily. llll,c l . llM!ll 5 0 C 8ml,lCTI.Rl
llbo..r l'Dlot, - lndl'lldl11111 t t .
su - eondllon.-"*'1l l. . - 9 11'\DVM! M !
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al l b l ( . O
SUMOI.IN p .....,
CAI.OJf
TA CAU:VfT
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1157 Cllnency buldlng
Imperial
•
&nit
Dalhousie
lnslilute
Tank
,squ-..ro
- •--< •

-
-
CALWl f CAL t.rr
A fA
18'52 • S6 1900

••
'
••
 ..
w
-
- • • A Major change was marked by abandoning the old
I

• • front 0 11 the rjvcr and taking up a new front facing

• the land, tlte south of the Esplanade. (The 1nost
impo1i aut public buildmgs rutd prjvate house were
• located on the nortltcrn side of the Esplanade facing
. - - - ,•"'!. the Maiden on the south "a l l looking remarkable
................""'".:",_
_.- :_ =-- .
r --...n ..._. -- -
,, 1aJ,iu11r d i \·, ,urri InItlallon lh lh• tll\
Noo classical.• The eastward tlirusts along
Dharan1tala and
rne proMn1 Fon
Bou Bazaar streets were ove1,shadowed by two
w,m- parallel south ward axes - one along present day
Chauranghi and Jawah ar Lal Neh n 1 road; the
other across the Maiden and Alipu r.
1heeaatward spread wasinevitable. as the need
to drain. the swamps was solved by ntaking east-
bound canals and a road along the canal. Later.
these
canals,- covercd up to make wide roads. as they
became very u nsanitary. Tattles were also n1ade
to solve the drainage problem. All squares
in calcutta
had a trutk. for example college square.
wellington square etc. Some tru1kswere Jater
'11iEIDRT filled up to create 1nore usable space. 'I11e urban
WILLIAM space was created by otl1er elements also.
11an1ely. street type. the ave11ue type, the circus
type, the esplanade type, the garden type rutd the
 11IE URBAN SETI LEM:ENT OF KOLKATA CAi' l BE D£FINED IN TO TI!REE DEFINITE
REGIONS. DlSTINGUlSl !ED
ACCORDING TO HISTORY. SOCIO- ECONQJ\1JC CULTURE.AND ARCH ITECTURAL CHARACTER.

NEIGHBOURHOODS OF DISTRICT' • DEVELOPED BY THE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF

ELITE BENGALIS, CRAFrS BRITISH WITH PALATIAL UPPER M IDDLE CLASS
MEN, ARTISIANS AND •
STRUCTURES USED AS BENGALIS
TRADERS. RESIDENCES FOR BRmSH
•
OFFICERS..•
LOCATION LOCATION LOCATION
-• LIES TO THE NORTH - THE BUSINESSON THE
• IT IS ESTABLISHED
-• EXTENDS TO
OF
ESPLANADE ON THE SITEGOBJNOAPUR
THE OF VILLAGE. THE
EASTERN WETLANDS ANOTO
EASTERN BANKS THE •MOSTLY COVERED BETWEEN THE RIVER IN THEWEST.
RIVER. ESPLANADEANDTHE PARK • DEFINED BYTHE
• BUILT IN THE AREA STREET ANO JS STRETCHED TILL REGION, WHICH LIES TO THE SO
WHERE THE LOWER CIRCULAR ROAD AS UTH OF THELOWER
THERE EXJSTEO THE VILLAGE ITS LIMITS. CIRCULARROAD.
URBAN URBAN
OF SUTANUTI. URBAN
•STRUCTURE
LOW HEIGHT BUILDINGS WITH STRUCTURE
•ADMINISTRATIVE ANO THE STRUCTURE
•PREPLANNED ANO HAVE A
MAXIM UM OF GROUND COM MERCIAL DISTRICT OF THE CITY.
DEFINITE CONTROL OVER THE
COVERAGE. •MONUMENTALS SCALE IN
URBAN FORM .
•THE BUILDINGS ARE ALL PROPORTION.
• THE BUILDINGS HAVE
ATTACHED TO EACH OTHER ANO • THE ADM INISTRATLVE DISTRICT
ALONG THE PROPER SETBACKSON ALL THE
HAVE PRACTICALLY
FOUR SIDES.
NO SIDE SETBACKS. FOUR IDES OF THE GREAT TANK,
•MIX OF OLD KOLKATA ANO SOME
• TYPICAL ROADSIDE BUILDINGS HAS A RESEMBLANCE OF LONDON.
NEWTYPE OF ARCHITECTURAL
• THE BRITISH HAVE NOT DONE ANY

-
HAVE
ENTRANCCAR PORTICOS ('GARIBAR
COMPROMISE IN THEIR CITY ROAD STYLE.
- E.
•"OP£WSPAGE
ANDA") JS LESS IN
HIGHLIGHTING THIS
THE • MOS UY RESIDENTIAL EXCEPT
PART. LAYOUTS.
BUILDING SOME
- •VISITING PLANNER. DREW ON WHAT
THEY KNEW OFTHE WESTANO THEIR LARGE MARKETS,WHICH HAS BEEN
WORK PLANNED TO CATER THE NEEDS OF
INEVITABLY REFLECTED THE PLANNING THE PEOPLE LIVING HERE.
- V l· CQUQ).(Jl{(!!
W E 'WrANDSOU111 N a t'IHW.ASAt11EMlYC
J,W
·-
'ANDWl'$l'WAS11t1'1\'Ell:.AS'F.AR 0 }
W l ':J$'00J,$ THESCOP-
£' r o " * 'ANDWAS AGAJN.llMI'l'8) D0£'«11111t!
WEIUNDS.TlmONLY D,IIUX:'l10
Q f l l N Q WASSOUIH

• MQSTLYCOMPRfSEO OF£UROPEAN$
ANO
l.owERORCUl:A8
fWlSIS D.
NEARTH£SOUT:HE8N
•SHIFt OFn t !Q PtrAI. f:1,t.O.M CAI.CUTl'4TO
•EDG£0FnfE
THE BHOWANIPORE MEA DELHI
UPPER Ml$ .LEQA$
MOUSED FORMATION OFCAL<. :uTTAl
IN:1911.
$Bn iGAUS, WKO$E ENTTRUST TOPREPARESCftWES FOR
UfE$1'.YtEWASUNDER THE INFLUENCE IMPROVEMENT OF SCJSTiNGAREAS ANOf.Oll
Of TH£ EUR . P.t.ANJ\lmfUTURE DEVEtOPMENlS.
 • GARIAHAT, KAUGHAT AND •JADU BABU'$•
BAZAAR LEDTOTHE ESTABLISHMENT OF
FULL FLEDGED MARKETS IN THESE
AREAS.
• DEVELOPMENT MAINLV OCCURRED
INTHE AREAS OF
BHOWANIPORE. MANOHARPUR. ON
EITHERSIDE OFRASHBEHARI AVENUE AND
BAWGUNJ.
• NEW ROAD LAYOUTS WEREALSO LAID
• PLAN FOltM OFTHE
OUT
BUILDINGS WERE M.OSTLY
• THE REC8>1NGWETLANDS
DU.Rlll!GTHIS PERIOD. IN
SYMMETRICAL THE SOUTH AND INTHE EAST
• RESIDENCES IN SOUTH WERE RECLAIMED.
CALCUTTA HAD lARGE • THESWAMPS AND LAYOUTS OF
SETBACKSON ALL AREAS ANDROADS EARMARKED
$IDES. FOR DEVELOPMENT.
• BUILDING MAl'ERIALS MAINLY • CITSTARTED DIGGING UP OF
USED WAS BRICK AND UME- THE
SURKL LAKE RABINDRASAROBAR.
• WOODEN BEAMS WERE USED
FOR STRUCTURAL SUPPORT. • UPP'ER MIDDLE O:.ASS
• DECDRATED WROUGHT BENGAUS STARTED MOVING
IRON RAIUN.GS WE'RE INTO THE NEW AREAS. • WIDER IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
USEDIN VERANDAHS FOR • A MIXED UFESlYIE THAT WAS CIT SOHEMESPREPARED IN 2911
ftESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS. INNUENCED BY BRITISH • NORTH EDGE
EDUCATION WAS REFLEClED IN OFRABINDRASAROBAR WAS THE
THE COURTYARD HOUSES OF LAST OTY MUNIOPAUlY
SOUTH CALCUTTA; PROPOSED .
 • DENSIFICATION ALONG THE
MAJOR ROADS LIKE. RASHBE!
HARL AVENUE. LANSDOWNE
ROAD, HAZRA ROAQ, GARIAHAT
ROAD AND ASUTOSH MUKHERJEE
ROAD.

• RABINDRA SAROBAR AND OTHER

TANKS
THERE WAS LESSER
ELABORATION ANO WERE DEVELOPED.
QRNAMENTATION OF • MORE OF LAND RECLAIMATION
BUILDINGS. LAIDTO FURTHER RECEDING
DECREASING PLOTSIZES OFTHEWET LANDS lOWARDSTHE
DUETO FALL IN ECONOMIC SOUTH.
CONDrTION OF PEOPLE LED
TOVERY LESS SETBACKS
• EVOLUTION OF NEIGHBOURHOODS
• COURTYARD HOUSESWITH THROUGKACnVITIESLIKE'BAROAN'
LONGCORRIOORS GA\IE DURGA PUJA, INVOLVED GREATER
WAY TO SMALLER HOUSES COMMUNITY PARTIOPATION.
WITH LESSER
• THE CALCUTTA ROWING NO NEW PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
SETBACKS CLUB, FOOTBALL SCHEMES W EREFORMULATED FORSOUTH
STADIUM AND PARKS FOR RECROOION CALCUTTA. GREATER PART OF PLANNING
THAT CAMEUPDURINGTH ACTIVmES WAS CONRNEOTO THE CE!
PERIODSHOWEDAN INCREASING NTAALCALQJTTA.
INFTUENCE OF EUROPAAN
LIFESlYFE.
 • PIEVIOUSLY LAIDMA}OllR.OAD
• 11IECONCEPI' LAYOUl'S WERE PLANTED W f f l l
OFINDJVIDUAL TREF.S ALONG THEEDGES.
OWNF.RSHIPClfAN GED • DEVEIOPMENT OF PARKS &.
TO I U ,T OWNERSHIP KIND. PLAYGROUNDSTOOK PLACEFOR
• COMMENCEMENT OF RF.CREATIONAL PUlll'OSES
ARCHitF.cTURAL EDUCATION
IN'IHE TECHNICAL INSn 1vl'F3
IJKE'nlE BENGAL
ENGINEEttJNGCOLLliGEAND • POST PAR.n f l ON
JADAVPUll UNJVERSITY 1NFWXOFREruGIES
STRENGTHENED PROPAGATION OF LAID TO MUSHROOMING
CONTEMPORAlY UPOFSLUMS. ..
CONCEPl'SOF111E WESI'. • THESE LABOUR CLASSPF.OPLE
• CEMENT REPLACED EARLIEll USEDIN111E SLUMS EARNED D.AILY
•CALaJ'ITA WAS AlSO All'ECTED BY 1HE
UME SUIOO AS BUDDING MATERIALS WAGES
COUNTRYWIDE INTERVENTIONS IN
•mus LOAD-BEAJUNG STRUC'IURES THKOUGHGRUELINGHARDWORK. PLANNING.
• MULTI-STOR.lED APAll:l'MENTS
ARE REPLACED BYl'RAME •IN 1961.THE
STRUCl'UKF.S.
CAUSE
CALal'ITA.ME'lltOPOIJTAN
l D SEK JNl'ER.ACllON AMONG 1llE
PLANNING ORGANISATION (CMl'O)
PEOPLE.
WAS IDRMED.
• NEIGHBOURHOODS GOr LIMfflD
 ,
11:IETRAmC AND 'raANSFORl'ATIOl'II !US O:F CAI,Ll l T IA 'lliE LARGE
GROW I H 'IHAT HAS l1CCURREDIN CALCl1ITAHASMADE IT1NCREN1.
NGLY MOIEDIIIICULTTOMA1NTAIN AO::EPl'ABLE LEVELS IN URBAN
SERVICES, AND IN RF.CFNT YEARS MOST URBAN
SERVICESHAVEACTUALLY DBl'lllllOIA'Q!.TRANSPORTA'llON SERVICES
ARE AMONG '!HE MOST
. ..., SEVERELY AffECIID. m E IMPACT DlJE Tll KIPULATION GROWTii
ALONE
l:IAS BEEN COMroUNDW BYINCREAS&O RATF.SOFUSAGE EOR B<YIH
PUBUC AND ATE TRA'lIISfURTATION BROUGfIT ABOUT BY
TiiE EFFECT OF IMPROVED PERSONAL INCOME LEVELS IN INCREASING
DESIRES FOR PERSONAL MOBII.11Y

FOR 'l'IIBl'UDOSBOFSYSnlMCLA&'IIRCA'l'I ON,1liREEGENERAL

CATF.GORIES
• 'THEF'IRST GROUP.REFERRED TO AS LOCAL Sl'REEI S.SERVES nn: M0 !
--- -, O:FIOADWAYB
>'1"BASIC
FUNCTIO'.-:-
IDNCllON.
WERE ESl'ABUSHFD,BASID UIDN TRAFFIC
PROPl:XIY ACCF.S.'.1-ANDAS SUCH IS EXPECTED TO
SERVEONLY TRAFFIC Dl'Sl'NEDTO LOCATIONS ALONG
=- -- 11fEAI.LIGm1FNI'OF SUCH ROADS.

ATTIE OPPOSITE EXTREME IN U'RMS OF FUNCTION ARE FAC."..IUTIFS

WHEN FOOTPAI BS BF.COME FOOD
DESIGNID TO SERVE ONLY 1'RAFF1CMOVEMENT. IN ORDER TO E",
AND CLO'IliING MARKETSAND
l';URE ll:IATTI:US RJNCTION IS PROPERLY SERVED.TifESE
CUSTOMERS OCCUPY A SECOND
FACILITIF.S.KNOWN AS EXPRESSWAYS.HAVE NO PROVISION FOR
UNE OFSPACE 'IliEN PFDE..
DIRF.Cr ACCFSS TO ABUCTlNG PROPERl'Y AND ARE DEVELOPED TO
AIIBIDRCEDTO TAKE TO
VERY HIGH Sl'Al\'DARDS OF DESIGN.
11iE STREEl'S. PF.RIODICAIL Y 'Il:IB
STREETS MAKING UP 11'IE 1liIRD A'lIID FINAL CATE<XJRY ARE KNOWN FOOTI'All:ISMAY BE CCURFD OF
AS Alm:RIALS.THESE HAVE DUAL FUNCTION , THEY SERVE 1HROUGH THF.RE ISNO ORGANISW HAWKERS--BlJr
EFRJKI'TO
-TRAFFIC MOVEMF.NT ASWEIL AS PROVIDE ACCESS TO ABUTTING PROVIDE 1HF.M WTIH 0 1HER
THEYRETURNBECAUSE row
LAND.
-
• c o s r SPACE. MANYOF
IN CE!'',TRAL CALCUTIA A GRID PATIERN OF AKI'F.RIAL
STREETS IS RECOGNISABLI:BUT IN OTIIBR PARl'S OF nn: HAWKERS
Tl:IEAREA. ROADWA"r DEVELOPMENf HAS BEEN HAl'HAZARD. ARE MIGRANTSWHO WOULD
• SLOW MOVING TRAFFIC THAT CONTRIBUTES
1 0 STREETS CONGESTI ON: HANDCARTS
WITH HEAVY LOADS PUSHED AND
PULLED;HORSE - DRAWN GHARRIES-POOR
MAN'S TAXI; THE HEAD- LOAD CARRIERS
BEARI NG VEGETABLES FROM THE RAILWAY
STATIONS ; ANIMAL
TRAFFIC LIKE BULLOCK- CARTS AND A
TROOP OF GOATS ON THE WAY TO
GRAZING ON THE MAIDAN. BESIDES THESE,
MAN-PULLED RICKSAW, OF WHICH THERE
ARE THOUSANDS I N THE CITY AND WHICH
PERFORM THEIR GREATEST SERVICE DURING
THE RAINS, WHEN STREETSARE FLOODED
BECAUSE OF POOR
DRAINAGE.
• SURFACE TRANSPORT ISTHE ONLY PUBLIC
TRANSIT IN CALCUTTA. THE 400-00 0
TRAMS THAT DALY PLY ON 42 Ml LES
OF TRACK IN THE CITY ARE GREATLY
OVERLOADED IN RUSH HOURS.THEY
OFTEN CARRY AS MANY AS 200
PASSENGERS, WHEN THEIR SEATING
CAPAOTY DOES NOT EXCEED 80.
 ..

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•
•http:/ /en .wikiped ia.org/wi ki/Kolkata
• www.stud io-base I.com/assets/files/fil es/16_at
las_we b.pdf
•htt p://www.a rchi nomy.com/case-studi es/2079/settlement
and-transportat ion-of-ca Icutta
• http://www.banga llnet.com/calcutta l.htm