PRAGMATICS

PRAGMATICS

FULL NAME : YAYUK WAHYUNI

Reach me on
yayukwahyuni1295@gmail.com
 SUMMARY
Speech Act Direction of Fit S = Speaker
Types X = Situation
Declarations Words change the world S causes X

Representatives Make words fit the world S believes X

(belief)
Expressives Make words fit the world S feels X
(feeling)
Directives Make the world fit the words S wants X
(via hearer)
Commissives Make the world fit the words S intends X
(via speaker)
 Direct Indirect
Speech Act Speech Act

Speech Act
POLITENESS

Send me the
file!

Could you
send me the
file, please?
 POLITENESS

...is an etiquette within Communication is social

culture. interaction

...showing goof manners

...mind our language
towards others.

...the means employed to show

awareness of another person’s face

Public self-image of a The concept of

person “face”?
 FACE

...people generally behave as if their

Face wants expectations concerning public self-image will
be respected.

A late night scene, where a young neighhbor is

playing his music very loud and an older couple are
trying to sleep.
...a speaker says something that Face Husband: I’m going to
represents a threat to another threatening tell him to stop that
individual’s expectations regarding act awful noise right now!
self image.

Wife : Perhaps you

...a speaker says something to lessen Face saving could just ask him if he is
the possible threat that comes from act going to stop soon
the interpretation of some action. because it’s getting a
bit late and people
need to get to sleep.
 FACE

Negative face Positive face

... the need of

someone to be
...the need of
accepted, even
someone to be
liked, by others, to be
independent, to
treated as a member
have freedom of
of the same group,
action and not to be
and to know that his
imposed on by others
or her wants are
shared by others

Independent (respect Connected with others

and care) (solidarity and similarity)
 SELF AND OTHER: SAY NOTHING
You need a pen, first your choice is whether to say it or not.

Say nothing

Self : (looks in bag)

Other : (Offers pen) Here, use this.

If you choose to say something, you can do it either off record or on record.
 SAY SOMETHING: OFF AND ON RECORD

Say something
Uh, I forgot
my pen

Hmm, I
wonder
where I put
my pen Off record

If you directly
It’s a way to address your
Not directly The others needs to
get a pen but
addressed to can act as if others...
can be
someone/ot they don’t
successful or
hers. hear that. On record
unsuccessful
SAY SOMETHING: OFF AND ON RECORD

Give me
a pen.

Imperative
Lend me forms
your
pen.

Bald on
record

Lend me your
pen, please? Can be
Mitigating device
soften by..
Would you lend ...expressions which serve
me your pen? to soften the demand
 POSITIVE POLITENESS

...strategy leads the requester to appeal to a common goal, and

even friendship.

used to reduce distance

...used in group of friends
between friends

Example:
• How about letting me use your pen?
• Hey, buddy, I’d appreciate it if you’d let me use your pen.

“Getting to know you” : reduce the risk of suffering refusal

• Hi, how’s it going? Is it okay if I sit here? We must be interested in
the same crazy stuff. You take a lot of notes too, huh? Say, do
me a big favor and let me use one of your pens.
 NEGATIVE POLITENESS

Negative politeness is usually in a form of question followed by

modal verb

The speaker tries to avoid imposition or burden to the hearer. Often

contains apology or hesitations.

Example:
• I’m sorry to bother you, but can I ask you for a pen or
something?
• I know you’re busy, but might I ask you if—em—if you happen to
have an extra pen that I could, you know—em—maybe
borrow?
 STRATEGIES

Solidarity strategy Deference strategy

The tendency to use The tendency to use

positive politeness negative politeness
forms, emphasizing forms, emphasizing
closeness between the hearer’s right to
speaker and hearer. freedom.

Example:
“Come on, let’s go to
the party. Everyone will
be there. We’ll have
fun.”
Example:
“There’s going to be a
party, if you can make
it. It will be fun.”
SUMMARY
THAT’S IT. THANK YOU! 
Any Questions?