Political institutions are organizations

which create, enforce, and apply laws;

that mediate conflict; make
(governmental) policy on the economy
and social systems.
The term 'Political Institutions' may
also refer to the recognized structure of
rules and principles within which the
above organizations operate, including
such concepts as the right to vote,
responsible government, and
accountability.
Government Institutions
Parliament

President

Prime Minister and his council

Civil Servants

Judiciary
Parliament
• In India, there are two houses of
Parliament, the House of States (Rajya
Sabha) and the House of People (Lok
Sabha). Rajya Sabha is the Upper House,
while the Lok Sabha is called the Lower
House. System of two houses in
legislature is called Bicameral
Legislature.
• Parliament is the final authority for
making laws in the country. The task of
making a law is called legislation and
hence the parliament or the assemblies
are called legislatures. The legislature
can make a new law, change existing
laws or abolish existing laws.
 President…
 The President is the head of the State. Although all
decisions of the government are taken in the name of
the President, he is just a titular head of the
government.
 Any bill which is passed by the Parliament needs the
signature of the President to become a law.
 All the major orders of the government need President’s
assent before they can be enacted. All international
treaties are signed in the name of the President.
 The President appoints the Chief Justice of India, Chief Justices of the High Courts and
Judges of the lower courts. He also appoints the governors of the states. All major
appointments are made by the President.
 The President is the Supreme Commander of the armed forces.
 When no single party or a coalition is in a position to form a government, it is the
President who decides on who is going to form the government. In that situation, the
President invites the person; who he observes is most likely to secure a majority of the
house; to form the government. After that, the newly appointed Prime Minister is given
some deadline to prove his majority in the Lok Sabha.
 Judiciary…
 An independent and powerful judiciary is considered essential for
democracies. India has an integrated judiciary which is composed of the
Supreme Court, High Courts, District Courts and various local level
courts. The Supreme Court is the apex court in the country and hence its
decision cannot be challenged. Its decision is binding on all other courts
of the country. The Supreme Court can take up any dispute which is as
follows:
 Between citizens of the country.
 Between citizens and government.
 Between two or more state governments.
 Between the Union and the state Government.
The independent judiciary’s main role is in protecting the Fundamental
Rights as enshrined in the Constitution of India. If any law is passed by the
Government (at center or state); which is viewed as overlooking the
fundamental tenets of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has the right to
revoke the law. There are many cases in which litigations have been filed on
behalf of public against laws enacted by the government. The independence of
the judiciary ensures that no government can behave in an autocratic way.
Made by-
Name-
Class- , Roll no.-
Subject- PPT on Working of
Political Institutions