TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

A)INTRODUCTION
Counselling is a relationship between two
persons which includes providing the assistance
to an immature person regarding defining his
problem, to think about him and to develop
some habits and attitudes for intelligent decision
making. The aim of counseling is to help a person
in dealing with developmental tasks fit for his
age-group.
B) TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
Transactional analysis defined by Eric Berne is a theory of
personality and social action and a clinical method of
psychotherapy based on the analysis of all possible
transaction between two or more people on the basis of
specially defined ego states. Transactional analysis is
useful to any person who wants to be a real person

C) CONCEPTS
• People can be autonomous
• They are not enslaved by their past
• Change is an autonomous process
• Autonomous people are real people and they have
the qualities like awareness, spontaneity and intimacy.
D) Theory of Personality
TA is a dynamic theory at personality in the sense that
uses the concepts of psychic energy and the distribution
of energy. The structure of personality is based on the
personality theory of parent, adult, child ego states. He
defines the ego states on the patterns of feeling, thinking
and behaving.

 Parent ego state

It refers to the parental and cultural influences. The
person behaves like one of his parents/elders when he
was young. This is a set of feelings, thoughts, attitudes
and behaviors which one came across during his
childhood.
 Adult ego state
Adult ego state keeps us from being ‘hijacked’ by emotions and
traumatic experiences of yester years. It helps us to make use of
our mental and physical capabilities to meet the challenges that
we face day after day. It discards unrealistic inappropriate
messages and feelings and makes his own decisions.
 Child ego state
It contains all the feelings, needs potentialities of a child. Berne
says we all carry within ourselves a little boy or a little girl who
feels, thinks, acts and responds just as we did when we were
children. It also contains creative intuitive capacities such as
rebellion, compliance etc. TA has identified three different forms
of child ego state they are
1. Natural child
2. Adaptive child
3. Little professor
E) Four type of analysis of TA
1. Structural analysis
2. Transactional analysis
3. Games
4. Script

1. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
It is the first stage of counselling. It is the analysis of the
Structure of the personality. It diagnoses and separates
feelings, patterns and ego states from one another. It
helps people to understand who they are, why they
behave so. It helps the person to remain in control of the
personality in stressful situation.
2. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
This is the second stage of the counselling. It helps the
client to understand the three distinct types of
transactions. They are complementary, crossed and
ulterior. They are more analyzing the on-going
transactions of group members.
a. Complementary Transaction
It occurs when the stimulus given by one person gets the
expected response from another person.
b. Crossed Transaction
This happens between two ego states when a message
sent from one person gets the unexpected response. The
lines between the two ego states cross and
communication breaks down.
c. Ulterior Transaction
It involves more than two ego states at the same time. In
this type of transaction two messages are exchanged
one in the social level and one in psychological level.
There are two types of ulterior transaction. They are
Duplex transaction and Angular ulterior transaction.

3. GAMES
A game is an on-going series of transactions seemingly
complementary, covertly ulterior which leads to a well
defined pay off. Pay off are usually negative feelings like
fear, anger, sadness for one or both the players.
4. SCRIPT
Script analysis is the analysis of life dramas that people without
awareness act out compulsively some of the impressions which get
imprinted in the earlier experiences will influence our behavior.
 The first stage of TA relationship is meeting the confused client
with the parent. The counsellor seeks the information to establish
a contractual relationship.
 In the second stage, the counsellor explains the client’s behavior
using the information obtained in the first stage. The counsellor
make client aware of the internal conflicts and explore.
 The third stage is marked by confrontation make him aware of
the contamination of the other ego states and make him break
the contamination and elicit a commitment to some action. The
client is self conditioned.It frees people from their foggy feeling
and behavior and helps in improving the communication
process. It is used for everyday problem solving.
CONCLUSION
Transactional Analysis can be said to be an
effective method in the process of counselling.
Recently its scope is increasing. Individuals
especially the young adults are the needy clients
of this transactional analysis counselling, because
present generations carry different complex ego
states. It enable the clients to identity the sorts of
relationship.
PLAY THERAPY
Play Therapy Makes A Difference
This information addresses the most frequently asked
questions about play therapy, a mental health modality
practiced by thousands of licensed mental health
professionals within and outside of the United States.
WHY PLAY?
In recent years a growing number of noted mental health professionals
have observed that play is as important to human happiness and well-
being as love and work (Schaefer, 1993). Some of the greatest thinkers
of all time, including Aristotle and Plato, have reflected on why play is so
fundamental in our lives
To some theorists, play is the child’s language and play is fun, enjoyable
activity and elevates our spirits and brightens our outlook on life
WHY PLAY THERAPY?
Play therapy is a structured, theoretically based approach to
therapy that builds on the normal communicative and learning
processes of children (Cramichael,2006; Landreth,2002;
O’Connor & Schaefer,1983). Therapists strategically utilize
play therapy to help children express what is troubling them
when they do not have the verbal language to express their
thoughts and feelings (Gil,1991). In play therapy, toys are like
the child’s words and play is the child’s language
(Landreth,2002).