SOFT AND HARD WATER,

TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT

HARDNESS AND SOFTENING OF
HARD WATER

Submitted to :- Dr SNEHA SHENDE MAM

Submitted by :- ABDUL RAQUIB ABDUL HALIM

INTRODUCTION
 Water is basic renewable and natural resource.
 Quality of water.
 Water in food industry.
(steam, cleaning , heat exchange medium in heating and
cooling, cleaning plant and equipment,
water must be in adequate supply, safer and of high
quality.
TYPES OF WATER
 HARD AND SOFT WATER
Water hardness is due to presence of di-cations
including Ca2+ and Mg2+.
HARDNESS OF WATER
There are two types of water hardness
1] Temporary hardness
- caused by carbonates and bicarbonates of calcium
and magnesium.
- removed by boiling.
2] Permanent hardness
- caused by sulfates and chlorides of calcium and
magnesium.
- not removed by boiling.

The combined effect of temporary and permanent

hardness is called as TOTAL HARDNESS.
PROBLEMS CAUSRD BY HARD WATER
 Deposition of scales in and on the pipes.
 In boilers the deposits acts as insulation that impairs
the flow of heat into water.
 Reducing the heating efficiency
 Allowing the metal boiler components to overheat
 Leads to failure of the boiler
 Composition of scales
CaCO3, Mg(OH2), CaSO4, Calcium and magnesium
carbonates
principally caused by thermal decomposition of bi
carbonates ions.
 formation of calcium carbonate scales
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O = Ca+2 + 2HCO3
Hard water forms scum with soap solution.
di-cations destroy the surfactant properties of soap by
forming solid precipitate.
2 C17H35COO- + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2 Ca
(soap) (calcium ions) (calcium stearate-
majour component of scum)
SOFTENING OF HARD WATER

 To use in boilers, cooling towers and similar

equipment.
 To control corrosion and formation of scale on
equipment, to remove turbidity caused by solids,
to eliminate staining, odor and flavor problems,
and to assure safety for consumption
1] By boiling the water
by boiling the soluble bicarbonate is decompose
into insoluble carbonates.
Chemical methods
1] Cold lime method
Lime soda process has two types
_cold lime process. 25-30°c
_hot lime process. 95-100°c

-The soluble calcium and magnesium salts in water

are chemically converted into insoluble
compounds (PPT) by adding calculated amount
of lime[Ca(OH)2] and soda (Na2CO3).
- precipitates off CaCO3 and MgOH2
- These precipitates are filterd off.
2] BASE EXCHANGE SOFTENING METHOD

-More practical and controllable method

- Natural or synthetic zeolite which are
hydrous silicate or styrene based resins are
used.
- Sodium zeolite softening is most widely
applied use of ion exchange.Sodium from or
resin displaces equivalent quantity of calcium
and magnesium.
- Water is passes through resin bed
containing SAC(Strong Acid Cation)resin in
the sodium form.The hardness ions are
exchanged with sodium , and the sodium
diffuses into bulk water solution.
- SAC function well at all pH.
- zeolite softening process
 Nowadays commonly
used resins are of
sulfonated styrene
divinylbenzene
structure.
3] DEMINERALIZING WATER SUPPLIES
- Demineralization is the process of
removing mineral salts from Water by using
the ion exchange process.Demineralised
Water is Water completely free ( or almost )
of dissolved minerals
- systems for demineralizing are basically of
two types
✓ multi-bed ion ex-changers
✓mixed-bed ion ex-changers
Mixed bed units requires less space and
produce high quality water.
4] FILTRATION
-Water is passed through a series of filters
with a different filtering media to achieve a
special purpose.
-For removal of particulate matter sand and
gravel filter is effective.
-Activated carbon filters
(Useful for improving taste and odor,
absorbs phenols , chlorine and similar
compounds)
- oxidizing filter medium removes iron and
manganese and raise the pH of acidic water.
 -Gravel is a loose aggregation of rock
fragments
5] REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEMS
- RO separates one component of a
solution from another by placing the
solution under pressure against a
semipermeable membrane.
- pore size 5-20 A°
- membrane material is cellulose acetate.
Chlorination of water supplies
 Addition of small amount of chlorine to
water acts as a safeguard against water
borne disease.
 Food processing plants chlorinating water
to improve sanitation.
THANK YOU