 Introduction—

Hard water: Water that contain high amount of dissolved minerals or ions such as calcium,
magnesium etc. Soft water: Soft water is surface water that contains very low concentration
of ions or minerals, e.g., Rainwater and distilled ,soft water, water that is free from
dissolved salts of such metals as calcium, iron, or magnesium, which form insoluble
deposits such as appear as scale in boilers or soap curds in bathtubs and laundry
equipment. See also hard water.

 Hard & soft water

Hard water :

– Has high mineral content (mainly Ca2+And Mg2+ ) metal cations.

– Sometimes other dissolved Compounds such as bicarbonates and Sulfates.

• Soft water :

Mainly content Na+2mg.Hardness in water is defined as the Presence of multivalent cations.•

Hardness also be defined as water that Doesn’t produce lather (foam) with Solutions, but produces
white precipitate (scum)• Hardness in water can cause water to Form scales and a resistance to
soad Ion.
Types of hard water

• Permanent hardness:.

Hardness (mineral content) that cannot Be removed by boiling. It is usually caused by the
presence in The water of calcium and magnesium Sulfates and/or chlorides which become More
soluble as the temperature rises.

Permanent hardness:

Can be removed using a water softener Or ion exchange column, where the Calcium and
magnesium ions are Exchanged with the sodium ions in the column only contain metal ion.

Temporary hardness:

Caused by a combination of calcium ions And bicarbonate ions in the water.Contain metal ion and
CO2. It can be removed by boiling the water Or by the addition of lime (calcium Hydroxide).

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• Boiling promotes the formation of Carbonate from the bicarbonate and Precipitates calcium
carbonate out of Solution, leaving water that is softer Upon cooling.

Dissolution of CaCO3-

CaCO3(s) + CO2 (aq) + H2O ↔ Ca2+(aq) + 2HCO3-(aq)• Upon heating, less CO2Is able to
dissolve Into the water.

• Since there is not enough CO2 around, The reaction cannot proceed from left to Right, and
therefore the CaCO3 will not Dissolve as rapidly.

Zeolite process Reaction

It is a method of removing the permanent as well as temporary hardness of the water. It involves
the precipitation of Calcium and Magnesium ions present in water. The exchange of and ions
occurs with the help of zeolite and therefore, it is known as Zeolite softening process.

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Process of Water

1.Lime soda process-

hard water is treated with lime (CaO or Ca (OH)2) firstly, after that with soda. In this process, the
hardness is removed by sedimentation as calcium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide. In lime-
soda process, hard water is treated with lime (CaO or Ca (OH)2) firstly, after that with soda. In this
process, the hardness is removed by sedimentation as calcium carbonate or magnesium
hydroxide

2.Cold Lime-Soda Processing-

this method, water to be softened is treated with calculated quantities of lime and soda at room
temperature. Small amounts of a coagulant such as alum, aluminum sulphate, sodium aluminate
etc., are also added..

3.Regenaration process-

Minerals it catches from the hard water, so it can continue to soften When hard water passes
through your water softener, ions of calcium and magnesium in the water are replaced with sodium
ions.

Waste water

BOD – biochemical oxygen demand.

COD – chemical oxygen demand.

The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) represents the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO)
consumed by biological organisms when they decompose organic matter in water. The chemical
oxygen demand (COD) is the amount of oxygen consumed when the water sample is chemically
oxidized.

5 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) The COD is the estimate of oxygen required for the
portion of organic matter in wastewater that is subjected to oxidation and also the amount of
oxygen consumed by organic matter from boiling acid potassium dichromate solution.

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Sterilization.

The process of killing, inactivating, or removing microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, etc.) from a
quantity of water. The normal methods of sterilization involve agents such as heat, chemicals, or
radiation.

 sewage Treatment.

1.Primary treatment of wastewater

Involves sedimentation of solid waste within the water. This is done after filtering out larger
contaminants within the water. Wastewater is passed through several tanks and filters that
separate water from contaminants.

2.Secondry waste Treatment.

Secondary wastewater treatment uses biological methods to purify water further following the
physical primary treatment process. This phase in wastewater treatment uses microorganism
Tertiary treatment is the next wastewater treatment process after secondary treatment. This step
removes stubborn contaminants that secondary treatment was not able to clea s to consume and
remove waste, preparing the water for the tertiary treatment phase before it returns to a natural
water source.

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3.Tertiary waste Treatment

Wastewater effluent becomes even cleaner in this treatment process through the use of stronger
and more advanced treatment systems.

De-salination

The process which are use to remove salt from water.

1.Reverse osmosis.

Reverse osmosis is a water purification process that uses a semi-permeable membrane (synthetic
lining) to filter out unwanted molecules and large particles such as contaminants and sediments
like chlorine, salt, and dirt from drinking water.

2.Osmosis

1.the gradual passing of a liquid through a thin layer of material a membrane.

2.In biology, osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration
of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell’s
partially permeable membrane.