GROUP 3

ANGELES, MARK JOSHUA

BALISACAN, ALEXTO
MARTIN, MARL JAYNIEL
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 State that cargoes, other than in containers, commonly
carried on deck are:

 Dangerous good not permitted on deck

 Large unit, difficult or impossible to stow below deck,

which can safety be exposed to elements
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 Cargoes which can be exposed to weather and which
would occupy a very large space below deck

 Livestock in limited numbers

 State the efficient securing of cargoes is essential for

the safety of the ship as well as the cargo
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 State that stowage and securing of deck cargo should
be adequate for the worst conditions which could be
experienced

 Explain hatches should be securely closed and cleated

before loading over them
Table of contents
 Cargoes other than containers, commonly carried
on deck

 Efficient securing of cargoes is essential for the

safety of the ship as well as the cargo

 Stowage and securing of deck cargo should be

adequate for worst condition could be experience
Table of contents
 Hatches should be securely closed and cleared before
loading over them
ANGELES
 ANGELES

DANGEROUS GOOD NOT

PERMITTED ON DECK
 ANGELES

WHAT IS DANGEROUS GOODS?

 Dangerous goods (also referred to as Hazardous Cargo)
means the substances, materials and articles that are
covered by the IMDG Code and is cargo that is considered
to be hazardous because of its flammable, corrosive,
poisonous nature or other properties.
 ANGELES

Hazardous Substance Class Definitions & Labels

 In the IMDG Code, substances are divided into 9

classes. A substance with multiple hazards has one
‘Primary Class’ and one or more ‘Subsidiary Risks’.
Some substances in the various classes have also
been identified as substances harmful to the
marine environment (MARINE POLLUTANTS).
Hazardous Substance Class Definitions & Labels
 Class 1 – Explosives
 Dangerous Goods Examples & Labels
 Commonly transported Explosives include ammunitions,
fireworks, air bag inflactors and fuse, etc.
 ANGELES

Hazardous Substance Class Definitions & Labels

 Class 2 – Gases; compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure
 Dangerous Goods Examples & Labels
 Commonly transported gases include oxygen, natural gas, carbon dioxide, lighters,
and aerosols.
 ANGELES

Hazardous Substance Class Definitions & Labels

 Class 3 – Flammable liquids
 Dangerous Goods Examples
 Commonly transported Flammable liquids include acetone,
adhesives, paints, gasoline, perfume, ethanol, methanol and some
pesticides with flammable solvents.
 ANGELES

Hazardous Substance Class Definitions & Labels

 Class 4 – Flammable solids; Substances liable to spontaneous

combustion; Substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable
gases
 Dangerous Goods Examples
 Commonly transported Flammable Solids include sulphur, matches,
activated carbon, alkali metals and some metal powders.
 ANGELES

Hazardous Substance Class Definitions & Labels

 Class 5 – Oxidizing substances (agents) and organic peroxides

 Dangerous Goods Examples
 Commonly transported Class 5 Dangerous Goods include hydrogen
peroxide, potassium permanganate, sodium nitrite, fertilizers and oxygen
generators. ammonium nitrate
 ANGELES

Hazardous Substance Class Definitions & Labels

 Class 6 – Toxic and infectious substances

 Dangerous Goods Examples
 Commonly transported Toxic and infectious substances include cyanides,
lead compounds, phenol, cresols, some pesticides, biological samples and
clinical wastes.
 ANGELES

Hazardous Substance Class Definitions & Labels

 Class 7 – Radioactive materials

 Dangerous Goods Examples
 Commonly transported Radioactive materials include enriched uranium,
radioactive ores, isotopes and some medical equipments or parts.
 ANGELES

Hazardous Substance Class Definitions & Labels

 Class 8 – Corrosives
 Dangerous Goods Examples
 Commonly transported Corrosives include acids such as sulfuric acid,
strong bases such as sodium hydroxide, batteries and its fluids.
 ANGELES

Hazardous Substance Class Definitions & Labels

 Class 9 – Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles Non-

classified materials
 Dangerous Goods Examples
 Commonly transported class 9 dangerous goods include marine
pollutants such as zinc oxide, lithium ion batteries, genetically modified
organisms, air bag modules and motor engines.
ANGELES
 ANGELES

LARGE UNIT, DIFFICULT OR

IMPOSSIBLE TO STOW BELOW
DECK, WHICH CAN SAFETY BE
EXPOSED TO ELEMENTS
 ANGELES

Timber Cargoes

 Timber cargoes come in many forms and sizes and

may consist of logs, cants, ragged end packages,
packages that are square (or flush) both ends, etc.
Packaged timber should not be stowed on deck if
the bundles are ragged at both ends.
 ANGELES

CARGOES WHICH CAN BE

EXPOSED TO WEATHER AND
WHICH WOULD OCCUPY A VERY
LARGE SPACE BELOW DECK
 ANGELES

Dry bulk Cargoes

 Refers to grain, coal, iron ore, cement, sugar, salt and sand.
They are not packaged separately, but transported in large
quantities in the hold of a ship, wagon or lorry. Blast
furnaces use iron ore and coal to produce steel.
 ANGELES

Break Bulk Cargoes

 Paper, wood, bags of cocoa, rolls of steel, parts of wind
turbines; these are all products that can simply put on a
vessel. It name says it breaks easily. To be able to lift general
cargo, it is often packaged on pallets, in crates or racks. A
crane or forklift truck can easily load or discharge the goods
 ANGELES

Ro-Ro Cargoes
 Refers to 'roll on / roll off'. This concerns cargo that can be
driven which is only done by especially trained drivers. Ro-
ro is used for cars, busses, trucks, agricultural vehicles and
cranes. To transport as many of these vehicles in one go,
enormous ro-ro vessels have been built. Some ro-ro vessels
have enough room for more than 8,500 cars!
 ANGELES

Liquid Bulk Cargoes

 Crude oil, petrol, fuel oil, vegetable oils and even wine; all
liquid products which are often transported on big tankers
or through a pipeline to the next destination. For the
refineries, crude oil is the raw material they need to
produce new goods, such as fuel oil, petrol and kerosene.
 ANGELES

Refrigerated Cargoes
 Any cargo that has to be loaded, maintained and/or carried at a certain
temperature in order for it to reach its destination without
deterioration is classed as refrigerated cargoes.
 This includes meat, fish, drugs, etc. Refrigerated cargoes are perishable
to a greater or lesser degree, and their safe carriage depends on
maintaining suitable storage conditions during transportation.
ANGELES
 ANGELES

What is Livestock

 Livestock is commonly defined

as domesticated animals raised
in an agricultural setting to
produce labor and commodities
such as meat, eggs, milk, fur,
leather, and wool.
 ANGELES

What is Livestock Carrier

 A livestock carrier is a large

ship used in the live
export of sheep, cattle and
goats. They are specially built
new or converted
from container ships.
BALISACAN
 BALISACAN

How Deck Cargoes can be Efficiently Secured

 The Merchant Shipping (Load Lines)(Deck Cargo)
Regulation 1968 (United Kingdom Statutory
Instrument No. 1089) set out some of the general ideas
to be followed when securing deck cargoes. The list of
requirements us not exhaustive but provides a realistic
base from which to work, and reads.
 BALISACAN

How Deck Cargoes can be Efficiently Secured

 The Safety of the ship and its crew are the ultimate goal
when planning to load cargoes on deck.

 The security of the cargo begins with making through plans

about how the cargo is to be lashed, braced, and shored. A
scale drawing of the ships deck and a scale model of the
cargo enable greater accuracy when making such plans
 BALISACAN

How Deck Cargoes can be Efficiently Secured

 The details of such plans should include the size and
number of all braces. The under deck shoring, the number
and position of all pad eyes, and the cribbing required
between the load and the deck. If pad eyes are not
numerous enough or placed so that they afford poor leads
for the lashing, it is an easy matter to have them relocated.
 BALISACAN

How Deck Cargoes can be Efficiently Secured

All this should be done long before the cargo is scheduled
to be loaded. After the cargo is placed on the ship as per
plan, the lashings and bracing should be installed as per
Cargo Securing Manual
 BALISACAN

Points to remember while securing cargo

 1. A good tight stowage of cargo containers on ships may
avoid the need to totally secure it, provided the cargo is
adequately packaged and there are no heavy components
 2. Bulky and heavy units may still be required to be secured
even if the space around them is filled with other
cargo. Particular attention should be paid to the chances of
 BALISACAN

Points to remember while securing cargo

such units sliding or tripping
 3. A number of units can be secured or lashed together into
one block
 4. Permanent securing points on the cargo should be used,
but it must be remembered that these securing points are
intended for inland transport and may not necessarily be
 BALISACAN

Points to remember while securing cargo

suitable for securing other items onboard ships
 5. Independent lashings must only be secured properly to
suitable strong points of the ships fittings and structure,
preferably onto the designated lashing points
 6. Cargo lashings must be taut and as short as possible for a
better hold
 BALISACAN

Points to remember while securing cargo

 7. If possible the multiple lashings to one item of cargo
should be kept under equal tension. The integration of
different material components having different strengths
and elasticity should be completely avoided
 8. Cargo lashings must be able of being checked and
tightened when on a passage
 BALISACAN

Points to remember while securing cargo

 9. Lashings should be enough so as to prevent the loads
from moving when the ship rolls through 30 degrees with
13 second duration
 10. Tightening the cargo down to the ship will add to a great
deal in securing it completely before it shifts
 BALISACAN

Cargo Securing Arrangements for Dry Cargo

 1. Lashing is a general term that is used to on behalf of

all the securing arrangements onboard: It includes
ropes, wires, webbings, bandings, strapping or chains,
bottle screws and other patent tensioning devices mostly
used on container ships
 BALISACAN

Cargo Securing Arrangements for Dry Cargo

 2. Tomming: Construction of a support of square section

softwood framework, which chocks off the cargo against
ship’s structure or other cargo

 3. Filling: Use of air bags, empty pallets, old tyres, etc. to

fill the voids and broken stowage between items of cargo
and between cargo and ship’s structures
 BALISACAN

Cargo Securing Arrangements for Dry Cargo

 4. Anti skid: Flat-boards are used to increase frictional

capabilities of the cargoes

 5. Binding: Even out a stow with dunnage to make several

units into one block. Also stowing bags or cartons in
different directions in each layer forms a self-locking slab
which is a tight stow for shifting cargoes
 BALISACAN

Cargo Securing Arrangements for Dry Cargo

 6. Structural Modifications: Very heavy and
uncomfortably shaped cargo may be secured by welding
the unit directly to the ship’s structure or by fabricating a
steel framework or other support or chock which is
permanently attached to the ship’s structure
MARTIN
 MARTIN

Proper and adequate stowage and securing

 The proper, adequate and satisfactory stowage and
securing of items of cargo arc of utmost importance for
the safety of the crew, the carrying vessel, and the items
of the cargo themselves. If the items of cargo are not
stowed and secured in a proper manner, bearing in mind
the intended
 MARTIN

Proper and adequate stowage and securing

 voyage and the time of year, those item of cargo
might shift from their stowage position, and
damage might be sustained by the item of cargo or
the vessel, or ship’s staff might suffer injury
 MARTIN

IMO CODE
 Under the IMO Code of Safe Practice for Cargo Stowage
and Securing, ships engaged in the carriage of all cargoes,
other than solid and liquid bulk cargoes, are required to
carry a Cargo Securing Manual. Such a manual gives, for
the vessel for which it was prepared, guidance for the safe
carriage of cargo
 MARTIN

IMO CODE
 items for which that vessel was designed, therefore,
the crew ought to be familiar. The guide has been
designed for use alongside the vessel’s own Cargo
Securing Manual, and together with IMO and other
publications.
MARTIN
 MARTIN

Opening closing hatch covers

 Hatch cover operations are frequently carried out on board cargo ships
but due care is necessary to prevent damage by incorrect operation.
Most cellular cargo vessels have lift on / lift off type hatch covers and
these are operated by shore cranes.
 MARTIN

 Before opening hatch covers, it must be ensured that all securing

including Hatch cleats, Jumping stoppers, King bolts etc are cleared
and that no obstructions are present.

Before placing hatch covers back, it must be ensured that no

obstructions in the form of loose gear, damaged plating etc. are present
and comings are clear. Cargo watch personnel must be present on site
when opening/closing hatch covers to ensure above.
 MARTIN

 Vessels operation manual or manufacturers instructions must be

consulted for information on correct stowage of hatch covers. There
may be procedures, restrictions or limitations for stowing hatch covers
one on top of the other and these must be correctly followed.

After closing hatch covers, they must be secured with Hatch cleats,
Jumping stoppers, King bolts or applicable devices to prevent
movement at sea.
 MARTIN

 On some vessels where a container spans Across Two Hatch covers,

special care is required as such containers are subject to high stresses
due to motion of the hatch covers in a seaway.

These hatch covers shall be particularly well secured and any special
arrangements (like Different Base Twist Locks etc) complied with in
order to prevent damage to containers.
 MARTIN

 An efficient watch must be maintained whenever hatch covers are

being removed or replaced. A responsible member of the ship's staff
must check that all hatch securing cleats are released before any cover
is removed and that any hatch cover is properly secured with all the
cleats before containers are loaded on it. All hatchways must be
checked before any cover is replaced to ensure the hatch track way is
free from lashing equipment.
 MARTIN

 Projections On The Vessel : The Master and Officers should be well

aware of any projections on their vessel (such as antenna on the
monkey island) which may come into contact with gantries being
moved during cargo operations. Care must be taken to keep the vessel
upright so that a list does not increase the risk of contact. Close
attention must be paid to the gangway or accommodation ladder to
prevent damage by moving gantries.