Mathematics

Session

Differential Equations - 3
Session Objectives

 Linear Differential Equations

 Applications of Differential Equations

 Differential Equations of Second Order

 Class Exercise
Linear Differential Equations

The standard form of a linear differential equation of

dy
first order and first degree is + Py = Q
dx
where P and Q are the functions of x, or constants.

dy dy
Examples : 1 + 2y = 6ex ; 2  + ytanx = cosx ;
dx dx
dx y
3 + = y2 etc.
dy x
Linear Differential Equations type-1

dy
Rule for solving + Py = Q
dx

where P and Q are the functions of x, or constants.

Pdx
Integrating factor (I..F.) = e

The solution is y  I.F. =

 Q×(IF) dx + C
Example – 1
dy
Solve the differential equation + 2y = 6ex .
dx
dy
Solution : The given differential equation is + 2y = 6ex .
dx
dy
It is a linear equation of the form dx + Py = Q

Here P = 2 and Q = 6ex

Pdx 2dx
I.F. = e = e = e2x


The solution is given by y  I.F. = Q  I.F. dx + C

  
 y e2x = 6ex ×e2x dx + C



Note :
d
dx
ye2x
= 
e2x  dy
 dx

+2y



Solution Cont.


 ye2x = 6e3x dx + C

 ye2x

3x
=6 e dx + C

3x
e
 ye2x = 6× +C
3

 ye2x = 2e3x + C

2e3x + C
 y=
e2x

 y = 2ex + C×e-2x is the required solution.

Example -2
Solve the following differential equation:
dy tan-1x
2
(1+ x ) +y =e CBSE 2002 
dx

Solution: The given differential equation is

tan-1x
dy -1 dy 1 e
(1+ x2 ) + y = etan x  + .y =
dx dx 1+ x2 1+ x2

dx
+Py = Q
It is a linear differential equation of the form dy

tan-1x
1 e
Here, P = and Q =
1+ x2 1+ x2
Solution Cont.
1
 dx
 Pdx 2 tan-1x
I.F = e = e 1+x =e

The solution is given by

y × I.F. =  Q × I.F. dx + C

tan-1x
-1 e -1
 y×etan x =  etan x × dx + C
2
1+ x
2tan-1x
-1e
 yetan x = +C
2

tan-1x 2tan-1x
 2ye =e +C is the required solution.
Example – 3

dy
Solve the differential equation +  secx  y = tanx.
dx
dy
Solution : The given differential equation is +  secx  y = tanx.
dx

dy
It is a linear differential equation of the form +Px = Q
dx

Here P = secx and Q = tanx

Pdx secx dx
I.F. = e = e
loge secx + tanx
=e = secx + tanx
Solution Cont.

The solution is given by

y ×  IF  =
 Q × IF  dx + C

 y  secx + tanx  = tanx  secx + tanx  dx + C

 
 y  secx + tanx  = secxtanx dx + tan2 x dx + C

 y  secx + tanx  = secx +

  sec2 x - 1 dx + C

 y secx + tanx  = secx + tanx - x +C

Linear Differential Equations type – 2

dx
Rule for solving +Px = Q
dy

where P and Q are the functions of y, or constants.

Pdy
Integrating factor (I.F.) = e

The solution is x I.F. =

 Q×(IF) dy + C
Example - 4
Solve the following differential equation:

 2x - 10y3  dy
dx
+y=0

Solution: The given differential equation is

 2x - 10y3  dy
dx
+y=0 
dx 2
+ x = 10y2
dy y
dy
+Px = Q
It is a linear differential equation of the form dx

2
Here, P = and Q = 10y2
y
Solution Cont.
2
Pdy  dy 2loge y loge y 2
I.F = e =e y =e =e = y2

The solution is given by

x × I.F. =  Q × I.F. dy + C

 x×y2 = 10y2 ×y2 dy +C  xy2 =10 y4 dy +C

 xy2 = 2y5 + C

 x = 2y3 + Cy-2 is the required solution.

Applications of Differential Equations

Differential equations are used to solve

problems of science and engineering.
Example - 5
A population grows at the rate of 5% per year. How long does it
take for the population to double? Use differential equation for it.

Solution: Let the initial population be P0 and let the population

after t years be P, then

dP  5  dP P dP 1
=  P  =  = dt
dt  100  dt 20 P 20

dP 1
  P 20  dt
= [Integrating both sides]

1
 logeP = t +C
20
Solution Cont.

1× 0
At t = 0, P = P0  logeP0 = + C  C = logeP0
20
1 P 
 logeP = t +loge P0  t = 20 loge  
20  P0 

When P = 2P0 , then

 2P0  1
 t = 20 loge   = loge 2 years
 P0  20

Hence, the population is doubled in 20 loge 2 years.

Example - 6

x
The slope of the tangent at a point P(x, y) on a curve is - .
y
If the curve passes through the point (3, -4), find the equation
of the curve.

dy
Solution: The slope of the curve at P(x, y) is
dx
dy x
 = -  ydy = -xdx
dx y

  ydy = - xdx Integrating both sides

y2 x2
 =- + C  x2 + y2 = 2C ... i
2 2
Solution Cont.

The curve passes through the point (3, –4).

25
 3 + -4
2 2
= 2C  C =
2

2 2 25
 x + y = 2×
2

 x2 + y2 = 25 is the required equation of the curve.

Differential Equations of Second Order

d2 y
Differential equation of the form : = ƒ x
2
dx

dy  d2 y d  dy  d  dy  dy 

dx 
= ƒ  x  dx + C1 
 dx2
=
dx  dx  and
   dx  dx 
dx = 
dx 

dy

dx
= F  x  + C1 , where F  x  =
 ƒ x  dx


 y = F  x  dx + C1x + C2

is the required general solution of the

given differential equation.
Example -7

d2 y 1
Solve the differential equation: = + 6.
dx2 x

Solution: The given differential equation is

d2 y 1 dy  dy  1
= +6    = +6
dx2 x dx  dx  x

  
dy  dy  1
 dx = dx + 6 dx
dx  dx  x

dy
 = loge x + 6x + C1 , where C1 is constant of integration.
dx
Solution Cont.

   
 dy 
  dx  dx = loge x.1 dx + 6 x dx + C1 dx
 


1 x2
 y = xloge x - .x dx + 6. + C1x + C2 , where C2 is constant of integration.
x 2

 y = xloge x - x + 3x2 + C1x + C2

 y = xloge x + 3x2 + x C1 - 1 + C2 , is the required solution.

Example –8
d2 y
Solve the differential equation = xcosx.
2
dx
d2 y
Solution : The given differential equation is = xcosx.
2
dx
d  dy 
 = xcosx … (i)
dx  dx 

Integrating (i), we get

 
d  dy 
  dx  x cos xdx  C1
dx  dx 

dy
 = xsinx + cosx + C1 … (ii) Integrating by parts
dx
Solution Cont.

Again integrating both sides of (ii), we get

 
 dy 
 dx  dx   x sin x  cos x  C1  dx
 

 
 y = xsinxdx + cosxdx + C1dx + C2

 y = -xcosx + sinx + sinx + C1x + C2

 y = -xcosx +2sinx +C1x +C2

Thank you