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o Orbital precession.
o Spin-orbit interaction.
o Stern-Gerlach experiment.
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Sodium D-line doublet
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Orbital magnetic dipole moments
where gl is the orbital g-factor or Landé g-factor. Gives ratio of magnetic moment to angular
momentum (in units of ).
gl B ˆ
o In vector form, Eqn 2 can be written
ˆl L
gl B
o As L l(l 1) l l(l 1) gl B l(l 1)
o The components of the angular momentum in the z-direction are
Lz ml where ml = -l, -l +1, …, 0, …, +l - 1, +l.
gl B gl B
l
z
Lz ml gl B ml
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Orbital precession
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Electron spin
s gsB ms
z
ˆs
where gs (=2) is the spin g-factor.
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The Stern-Gerlach experiment
dBz
o As gsms = ±1, Fz B
dz
m v 4KE dz
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The Stern-Gerlach experiment
o With field on, classically expect random distribution at target. In fact find two
bands as beam is split in two.
o Find same deflection for all atoms which have an s electron in the outermost
orbital => all angular momenta and magnetic moments of all inner electrons
cancel. Therefore only measure properties of outer s electron.
o The s electron has orbital angular momentum l = 0 => only observe spin.
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The Stern-Gerlach experiment
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Spin-orbit interaction
o Instead, must consider magnetic interaction between orbital magnetic moment and
the intrinsic spin magnetic moment.
o Weak in one-electron atoms, but strong in multi-electron atoms where total orbital
magnetic moment is large.
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Spin-orbit interaction
v
o Consider reference frame of electron: nucleus moves about
electron. Electron therefore in current loop which produces +Ze r -e
magnetic field. Charged nucleus moving with v produces a
current:
ˆj Zevˆ
o According to Ampere’s Law, this produces a magnetic field,
which at electron is
ˆ
ˆ 0 j rˆ Ze0 vˆ rˆ
B
4 r 3 4 r3
Ze rˆ -e
o Using Coulomb’s Law: Eˆ +Ze r
40 r 3
1
=> Bˆ 2 vˆ Eˆ (5)
c v
where c 1/ 00
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Spin-orbit interaction
o ˆ s Bˆ
We know that the orientation potential energy of magnetic dipole moment is E
g g
ˆs s B Sˆ E s B Sˆ Bˆ
but as
o Transforming back to reference frame with nucleus, must include the factor of 2 due to
Thomas precession (Appendix O of Eisberg & Resnick):
1 gsB ˆ ˆ
E so S B (6)
2
o This is the spin-orbit interaction energy.
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Spin-orbit interaction
1 1 dV (r) ˆ
o As Lˆ rˆ mvˆ mvˆ rˆ Bˆ L
emc 2 r dr
gsB 1 dV (r) ˆ ˆ
o Substituting the last expression for B into Eqn. 6 gives: E so S L
2emc 2 r dr
o 1 1 dV (r) ˆ ˆ
Evaluating gs and B, we obtain: E so S L
2m 2c 2 r dr
o For hydrogenic atoms, Ze 2 dV (r) Ze 2 General
V (r) form
4 0 r dr 4 0 r 2
1 1 Ze 2 ˆ ˆ
o Substituting into equation for E: E so SL
2m 2c 2 r 4 0 r 2
e2 Z Hydrogenic
Sˆ Lˆ
4 0 c 2m cr
2 3
form
Z
E so 2 3
Sˆ Lˆ (7)
2m cr
o Expression for spin-orbit interaction in terms of L and S. Note, e 2 /40 c is the fine
structure constant.
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Sodium fine structure
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Hydrogen fine structure
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Total angular momentum
o Orbital and spin angular momenta couple together via the spin- z
orbit interaction.
Sˆ
Jˆ
o Internal magnetic field produces torque which results in
precession of Lˆ and Sˆ about their sum, the total angular
Lˆ
momentum:
Jˆ Lˆ Sˆ Vector model
L-S coupling of atom
o Called or Russell-Saunders coupling. Maintains
fixed magnitude and z-components, specified by two quantum
numbers j and mj:
J j( j 1)
Jz m j
where mj = -j, -j + 1, … , +j - 1, +j.
| Lˆ Sˆ ||| Lˆ | | Sˆ ||
| Jˆ ||| Lˆ | | Sˆ ||
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Total angular momentum
o J = L + S, L = 3, S = 1
L + S = 4, |L - S| = 2, therefore J = 4, 3, 2.
o L = l1 + l2, l1 = 2, l2 = 0
l1 + l2 = 2, | l1 - l2 | = 2, therefore L = 2
o J = j1 + j2 , j1 = 5/2, j2 = 3/2
j1 + j2 = 4, | j1 - j2 | = 1, therefore J = 4, 3, 2, 1
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Total angular momentum
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Total angular momentum in a magnetic field
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